- •Глава 1topic 1: principles of translation
- •1.1. Notes on the Profession of the Translator
- •1.2. Professional pride
- •1.3. Income
- •1.4. Speed
- •1.5. Enjoyment
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the Topic
- •Глава 2topic 2: theory of interpretation
- •2.1. Background of interpretation theory (it)
- •2.2. First translation of the Bible as a milestone in the history of interpretation and the development of world civilization. A bit of later history of interpretation
- •St. Jerome’s Oath
- •2.3. Deciphering the inscriptions on the Rosetta stone
- •2.4. A brief history of interpretation in the 20th Century
- •Глава 3topic 3: interpretation and contemporary life
- •3.1. XX century as a “golden age” of interpretation
- •3.2. Conference interpreting, professional training and diplomatic interpretation in XX century
- •3.3. Stagnation in economy – boom of interpretation
- •3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
- •3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
- •Глава 4 Глава 5topic 4: interpretation activity
- •4.1. Translation and Interpretation Modes
- •4.2. Specific Skills required for interpreting
- •4.3. Simultaneous translation as a special kind of translating
- •4.4. Professional ethics and moral code of interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in previous topics
- •Big agribusiness draws cash
- •Глава 6topic 5: perception and understanding Глава 7of messages in interpreting
- •5.1. Sense Perception and Understanding
- •5.2. The “Inner Speech” of the Interpreter
- •5.3. Interpreting without “Understanding” the Sense
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in the topic
- •Kozak boat discovered in Dnipro River
- •Глава 8topic 6: types of contexts and contextual relationships in oral discourse
- •6.1. Text, Context and Discourse
- •6.2. Types of Contexts and Contextual Relationships
- •6.3. Recommendations for interpreters
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 6
- •A Diet of Worms and Butterflies
- •Глава 9topic 7: semantic aspects of interpretation
- •7.1. Semantic Structure of the Oral Message and its Main Components
- •7.2. The Role of the Rhematic Components
- •In Comprehending and Interpreting Oral Messages
- •7.3. Rendering “evaluative component” of messages in interpreting
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 7
- •Глава 10topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of death, bad health lingers from Chornobyl blast
3.4. Interpretation in the New Millennium
The RMFA officers, dealing with the contemporary Kremlin master, speak respectfully of his intelligence, consistency and civility.
V. Putin “is not squeamish” to ask his interpreter for advice, how to say something better or to do in such a way so that it could be more convenient – a wonderful quality: the higher the status of a person, the more attentive and courteous he should be to his subordinates (the “King-sun” Lyudovick XIV took off his hat before the lowest maid).
Now the V. Putin’s speaking has become more measured and clear in wording, though sometimes he is carried away into the “humor in tarpaulin boots”. Some parts of numerous Russian population probably like it, but for interpreters those “word acrobatics” are a serious problem.
For example, against the notorious “circumcision” (обрізання) stumbled a young interpreter, just not knowing the English term and being unable to make up something like “operation on your thing”. Confusion occurred, and all the taste vanished. (All those who wanted, could watch it in the program “Namedni”, which was closed, by accidental coincidence, shortly after that episode, detailed and pretty spiteful, was shown.)
So far by V. Putin’s side one can’t see a permanent interpreter-“shadow”; partly because the president can independently communicate in English and has a wonderful command of German, partly because of current salary (by the way, no pay rise or welfare allowance for the work at the highest level is supposed), therefore interpreter has to “turn out pot-boilers” (make money on the side) somewhere in the West, where “synchron” reaches 500 dollars a day. Partly it is explained by labor fluidity (qualified officers are gained over by big corporations and banks). More often together with the president one can see now a handsome and talented A.Tsybenko, graduate of the Moscow state linguistic university. He is confident in presentation and looks well beside his “boss”. A new generation of masters is growing, too. They will have to witness the creation of a new age history.
3.5. The Very Beginning of Simultaneous Interpretation
In his book “Теорія та практика синхронного перекладу” which has become now a bibliographical rarity, Geliy V. Chernov writes, “…Синхронний переклад дозволяє отримувати величезну економію в часі й може виконуватись на велику кількість мов. В наш час це здається природним, начебто інакше й бути не може. Насправді «синхрон» є лиш одним з двох різновидів так званого «перекладу конференцій» (conference interpreting). Другим різновидом є послідовний переклад.
Саме послідовний переклад історично передував синхронному. Якщо професійний синхронний переклад бере свій початок від Нюренбергського процесу над нацистськими військовими злочинцями, то професійному перекладу кладе початок Паризька конференція 1919 року.”
Through all XIX century right up to the WWI French was the international language of conferences and diplomatic intergovernmental contacts.
G. Nicolson in his book “Diplomacy” writes, “Президент США Вільсон та прем’єр-міністр Великої Британії Ллойд-Джордж не були лінгвістами, і в результаті представник кожної країни міг, якщо цього бажав, говорити рідною мовою, після чого його слова перекладались. Цей звичай був не таким вже й незручним, як деякі гадають. Кваліфікований перекладач може перекласти заяву або промову з великою чіткістю й швидкістю.”
The interpreters of the Paris peaceful conference, headed by the historian and professor of the London University Paul Mantoux, and later – the interpreters of the League of Nations: Antoin Velleman, Jean Herbert, Robert Confinou, brothers Andre and George Caminker and George Mateux (French), Evans and Lloyd (English) – were creating the standards of consecutive interpretation. According to them, interpreter had no right to interrupt a speaker. Speaker could speak as long as he considered necessary, and then the translation was made by an interpreter during the same period of time. Edmont Cari gives the example of the translation of the speech made by a French diplomat Andre Francois Ponset, which was lasting for two hours and a half.
Questions for discussion:
1. Why was the 20th century a “golden age” of interpretation?
2. What are the two types of conference interpreting?
3. How did Stalin treat his interpretetrs?
4. What was L.Brezhnev’s attitude to his interpreters?
5. How were M.Gorbachov’s speeches characterized?
Practise two-way interpretation of the texts in English and Ukrainian:
Ірак заявляє, що він не виробляє біологічної зброї В Іраку іноземні журналісти в суботу мали можливість переко-натися в тому, що в країні не ведуться роботи з виробництва біологічної зброї. Вони відвідали одне з головних іракських вироб-ництв з розробки та виробництва пестицидів і добрив в Аль-Хакамі. Там встановлено 16 камер, які передають центру ООН у Багдаді все, що робиться в Аль-Хакамі. Як повідомили журналістів, усе устаткування в Аль-Хакамі вироблене в Іраку після війни в Перській затоці. Поїздка дипломатів ООН організувала в суботу поїздку в столицю Афганістану Кабул дипломатів, що постійно працюють в Пакистані. Дипло-мати з США, Данії, Великої Британії, Норвегії, Швеції, Голландії, Японії й Європейсь-кого союзу ознайомилися з ходом проведення ООН гуманітарних акцій в Кабулі. Представники західних країн пообіцяли продовжити виділення фінансової допомоги на реалізацію гуманітарних програм Організації об'єднаних націй. Проте вони відмовилися виділити будь-які кошти президентові Афганістану Рабані. ООН намагається втілити в життя мирний проект, згідно з яким президент Рабані передасть владу багатопартійній Раді. Дипломати також відвідали найбільш постраждалі райони афганської столиці. |
No Production of Biological Weapons, Iraq Claims In Iraq foreign reporters had a chance on Saturday to make sure that no work was being carried out in the country on the production of biological weapons. The reporters visited Iraq's main enterprise developing and producing pesticides and fertilizers at Al Hakam. Sixteen cameras have been installed, which send back to the UN centre in Baghdad pictures of everything done at Al Hakam. The journalists were told that all the facilities in use there had been made in Iraq since the Gulf War. A Trip for Diplomats On Saturday the UN organized a trip to the Afghan capital Kabul for diplomats who work permanently in Pakistan. Diplomats from the US, Denmark, Britain, Norway, Sweden, Holland, Japan and the European Union became acquainted with the program of UN humanitarian aid in Kabul. Western representatives have promised to go on allotting financial help for such aid programs but have refused to allocate any funds to Afghan President Rabani. The UN is trying to effect a peace project whereby President Rabani will hand over power to a multi-party Council. The diplomats also visited the worst-hit regions of the Afghan capital. |