Text claude elwood shannon

Claude Elwood Shannon was born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, and died in 2001. He was an American electrical engineer and mathematician. He was the founder of practical digital circuit design theory. Especially he was famous for his contribution to information science and he has been called “the father of information science”.

In 1932 he entered the University of Michigan, where he took a course that introduced him to the works of George Boole. He graduated from the University in 1936 with two bachelor’s degrees, one in electrical engineering and one in mathematics. Then he began his graduate study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology devoting much time to the elaboration of differential analyzer, analog computer.

While studying the complicated circuits of the differential analyzer, Shannon saw that Boole’s concepts could be used to great utility. Shannon proved that Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangement of the electromechanical relays. Shannon’s work was considered to be the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it became widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II.

During World War II Shannon worked at Bell Labs elaborating fire-control systems and cryptography. To commemorate his achievements, after the breakup of the Bell system, the part of Bell Labs was named in his honor.

In 1948 Shannon published “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”. This work was devoted to the problem of how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message. Another notable paper “Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems” was published in 1949. This work was a contribution to the development of the mathematical theory of cryptography.

In 1956 Shannon came to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to join its faculty and to conduct work in the Research Laboratory of Electronics. He continued to work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology till 1978.

Shannon’s contribution to science is great. The whole digital revolution started with him.

TASKS

1. Give Russian equivalents of the words and transcribe them

1. graduate from (v.)

2. graduate (n.)

3. technology (n.)

4. differential (adj.)

5. analyzer (n.)

6. analog (adj.)

7. utility (n.)

8. relay (n.)

9. honor (n.)

10. transmit (v.)

11. entropy (n.)

12. measure (n.)

13. uncertainty (n.)

14. theory (n.)

15. cryptography (n.)

16. research (n.)

17. laboratory (n .)

18. Michigan

19. Massachusetts

2. Give English equivalents of:

1. быть известным

2. вклад в информатику

3. поступить в университет

4. окончить университет

5. степень бакалавра

6. электротехника

7. выпускник

8. посвящать много времени разработке

9. дифференциальный анализатор

10. аналоговый компьютер

11. сложные схемы

12. понятия

13. бинарная арифметика

14. электромеханическое реле

15. стать широко известным

16. увековечить достижения

17. быть посвященной проблеме

18. кодировать информацию

19. неопределенность в сообщении

20. другая знаменитая (выдающаяся) работа

21. выполнять работу

22. научно-исследовательская лаборатория

3. a) Divide the verbs into two groups: regular and irregular

bear, die, found, be, contribute, design, inform, call, enter, take, introduce, graduate, begin, devote, elaborate, analyze, compute, study, see, use, prove, simplify, arrange, become, know, work, commemorate, achieve, consider, publish, encode, send, want, transmit, break, develop, measure, come, join, continue, conduct.

b) Divide regular verbs into three groups according to the reading of –ed.

c) Write three forms of irregular verbs

4. Fill in the table

Verb	Translation	Noun	Translation
develop	развивать	development developer	развитие разработчик
found
contribute
design
elaborate
analyze
compute
publish
communicate
transmit
conduct

5. Read and translate the text

6. Insert in the prepositions where necessary

Claude Elwood Shannon was born ____ 1916 ____ Petoskey, Michigan, and died ___ 2001. He was an American electrical engineer and mathematician. He was the founder____ practical digital circuit design theory. Especially he was famous ___ his contribution ___ information science and he has been called “the father ____ information science”.

In 1932 he entered)____ the University___ Michigan, where he took a course that introduced him ___ the works ____ George Boole. He graduated___ the University___ 1936 with two bachelor’s degrees, one ____ electrical engineering and one ____ mathematics. Then he began his graduate study ____ the Massachusetts Institute of Technology devoting much time___ the elaboration ___ differential analyzer, analog computer.

While studying the complicated circuits____ the differential analyzer, Shannon saw that Boole’s concepts could be used ____ great utility. Shannon proved that Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangement ____the electromechanical relays. Shannon’s work was considered to be the foundation ___ practical digital circuit design when it became widely known____ the electrical engineering community _____ and _____ World War II.

_____World War II Shannon worked____ Bell Labs elaborating fire-control systems and cryptography. To commemorate his achievements, ____ the breakup____ the Bell system, the part ____ Bell Labs was named ____ his honor.

____ 1948 Shannon published “A Mathematical Theory ___ Communication”. This work was devoted ___ the problem of how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure ___ the uncertainty ___ a message. Another notable paper “Communication Theory ___ Secrecy Systems” was published ___ 1949. This work was a contribution ___the development ____ the mathematical theory___ cryptography.

___ 1956 Shannon came____ the Massachusetts Institute ___ Technology to join its faculty and to conduct work ___ the Research Laboratory_____ Electronics. He continued to work ____ the Massachusetts Institute____ Technology ___ 1978.

Shannon’s contribution ___ science is great. The whole digital revolution started ____ him.

7. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Past Simple.

Claude Elwood Shannon (to be) born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, and (to die) in 2001. He (to be) an American electrical engineer and mathematician. He (to be) the founder of practical digital circuit design theory. Especially he (to be) famous for his contribution to information science and he has been called “the father of information science”.

In 1932 he (to enter) the University of Michigan, where he (to take) a course that (to introduce) him to the works of George Boole. He (to graduate) from the University in 1936 with two bachelor’s degrees, one in electrical engineering and one in mathematics. Then he (to begin) his graduate study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology devoting much time to the elaboration of differential analyzer, analog computer.

While studying the complicated circuits of the differential analyzer, Shannon (to see) that Boole’s concepts could be used to great utility. Shannon (to prove) that Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangement of the electromechanical relays. Shannon’s work (to be) considered to be the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it (to become) widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II.

During World War II Shannon (to work) at Bell Labs elaborating fire-control systems and cryptography. To commemorate his achievements, after the breakup of the Bell system, the part of Bell Labs (to be) named in his honor.

In 1948 Shannon (to publish) “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”. This work (to be) devoted to the problem of how best to encode the information a sender (to want) to transmit. Shannon (to develop) information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message. Another notable paper “Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems” (to be) published in 1949. This work (to be) a contribution to the development of the mathematical theory of cryptography.

In 1956 Shannon (to come) to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to join its faculty and to conduct work in the Research Laboratory of Electronics. He (to continue) to work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology till 1978.

Shannon’s contribution to science is great. The whole digital revolution (to start) with him.

8. Learn the text.