Text 4 the reign of fedor ivanovich (1584–1598)
I. Read the text to get the general understanding of it, study the vocabulary in bold, translate the sentences with the words in bold.
T
sar
Feodor came to the throne according both to the tradition of power
succession
and Ivan IV’s last will. But he possessed neither talents, nor
qualities of a ruler. According to the last order of Ivan the
Terrible, a regency
council
including five boyards (the Tsar’s uncle Nikita Romanovich
Zakharin-Yuriyev, Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky, Prince Ivan
Petrovich Shuysky, Bogdan Yakovlevich Volsky and Boris Fedorovich
Godunov, the brother-in-law of the Tsar) was formed to support the
incapable
Tsar Feodor.
In 1586 leaders of the Shuyskys boyard clan tried to arrange a divorce of Tsar Feodor Ivanovich thus trying to discharge B. Godunov. At that they relied on Moscow population. Boris managed to suppress the disorders that arose in the capital in May 1586. Shortly after I.P. Shuysky and his brothers were firstly banished to their ancestral lands, and then, were brought to Beloozero and Kargopol, where they were secretly killed. Thus the boyard opposition was done away and Boris Godunov could now publicly become the regent of the state. He was entitled “the Governor, Servant and the Equerry Boyard and the Court Voevode”. The Boyar Duma empowered him with control over foreign relations. The British called him “the Lord-Protector of Russia”.
According to his origin Boris Godunov belonged to prominent but untitled boyards. He became close to Ivan IV in the last years of his reign, mainly due to the marriage of his sister Irina to Tsarevitch Feodor. Godunov himself, married to a daughter of Malyuta Skuratov, was closely connected with Oprichnina guards. Contemporaries greatly appreciated Boris (he was handsome and smooth-tongued), but at the same time they noted his strong lust for power. An outstanding politician, Boris was skilful at being what was the best under the circumstance. He had keen wit and strong will. Boris was not highly educated, but according to a foreigner who knew him personally he was very clever. A prudent and far-seeing, generous and peaceful ruler, he won the sympathy of all Russian people. And at the same time he was guileful and perfidious, smooth-tongued and artful – but only due to all these qualities Boris Godunov managed to reach the top power.
T
o
strengthen an economic situation the government of Godunov achieved
abolition of tax privileges of church and monasteries at the Church
Council in 1584. At the same time the process of the land register
formation was carried out and, in this connection, the resettling of
peasants on St. George’s Day was banned. In 1597 the decree
setting the five years term of pursuit of runaway peasants was
issued. It was an important step towards establishment of serfdom in
Russia. It reinforced
an economic position of landed gentry greatly. However, a peasant
was bound not to the landowner personally, but to the land. Besides,
this bondage
concerned only the peasant himself, not his children or nephews.
Aspiring to limit economic power of the church, the government of Godunov, at the same time, cared about the growth of its authority: the patriarchate was established in Russia in 1589 (the Russian Church had strived for that from the middle of the 15th century). Iov, a devoted adherent of Godunov, was proclaimed the first Moscow Patriarch at the Church Council. Establishment of the patriarchate made the Russian Orthodox Church legally independent from the Constantinople Patriarch.
Tsarevitch Dmitry (the son of Ivan the Terrible and his last wife Maria Nagaya) died in the fit of epilepsy on May 15, 1591 in Uglich. Rumours declared Boris Godunov the initiator of his death. The historical sources do not give a simple answer to the question about the cause of the Tsarevitch’s death, but it is obvious, that this tragedy cleared a way to the throne for Godunov.
In 1598 with the death of childless Feodor Ivanovich the ruling dynasty of the Rurikoviches ceased to exist. The next Zemsky Council in February 1598 raised Boris Godunov to the throne.
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