2. Make up a plan of the text.

2. Translate the paragraph in italics in a written form.

2. Questions for discussion:

1. How old is shoemaking?

2. What was high heel used for?

3. What kind of heel became associated with nobility?

4. What museum has one of the largest collections of historical footwear?

5. When were paired lasts introduced?

6. Due to what event did Wellington boots become the style?

7. What four pieces had a pair of dress Wellingtons made in 1817?

8. What is the common feature of the American frontier boots?

2. Render the text in brief in a written form. Text c

I. Mind the following words and word-combinations:

1. style – модель

2. clue – ключ, хід думок

3. shift – зміна

4. woven cloth – ткане полотно

5. wool felt – фетр із вовни

6. grades of leather – сорти шкіри

7. peer – знатна людина, рівня

8. pikes – взуття епохи Середньовіччя з довгим загорнутим догори носком

9. poulains – взуття епохи Середньовіччя типу «шльопанці»

10. lavish trimming – чепурний, щедро оздоблений

II. Listen to the text ‘shoes in the costume institute’ and decide if the statements are true or false:

1. The makers of many examples produced prior to the nineteenth century are unknown.

2. The earliest pieces in The Costume Institute’s shoe collection date from the XXIst century.

3. Very fine quality shoes with elaborate decoration were reserved for the common labourer.

4. Embroidery and lavish trimmings can frequency be found on shoes from the XVII – XVIII centuries.

5. Basic types of shoes began to be available ready-made from the mid-eighteenth century.

III. Listen to the text again and be ready to answer the questions:

1. What examples are presented in the permanent collection in The Costume Institute?

2. Did shoes signal the wearer’s status?

3. What secondary sources must scholars also examine?

4. What decorative details were used in the medieval period?

5. Were shoes made without contouring to fit the right or left foot in earlier periods?

Unit 2 footwear text a

I. Read and remember the words and their translation:

1. hygiene –гігієна

1. adornment – прикраса

2. hosiery –панчішні вироби

3. flip-flop – шльопанці

4. canvas – парусина

5. sole – підошва

6. insole – устілка

7. outsole – підметка

8. midsole – підложка

9. upper – верх взуття

II. Read and remember the following phrases:

1. to be worn for – носити задля

2. to be passionate about –дуже цікавитися

3. to be made of – зроблений з

4. an interior bottom (of a shoe) –внутрішня деталь низу (взуття)

5. dress shoes –модельне взуття

6. casual shoes – повсякденне взуття

7. to have modifications on design – мати змінення в конструкції

8. to put pressure down – надавлювати

9. shock absorption – запобігати струсу

10. a complex upper – складний верх

III. Read and translate the following text: footwear

Footwear consists of garments worn on the feet. It is worn for a variety of reasons, including protection against the environment, hygiene and adornment. Usually, socks and other hosiery are worn between the feet and the footwear, except for sandals and flip flops (thongs). It is sometimes associated with fetishism, particularly in some recent fashions in shoes and boots. Some people are very passionate about fashion footwear.

A shoe is an item of footwear. Shoes may vary from a simple flip-flop to a complex boot. Shoes may have high or low heels, although in western cultures, high heels are considered a women's style. Shoe materials include leather or canvas. Athletic shoe soles may sometimes be made of rubber.

The bottom of a shoe is called the sole. The insole is the interior bottom of a shoe, which sits directly beneath the foot. Many shoes have removable and replaceable insoles, and extra insoles are often added for comfort or health reasons (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of the shoe). The outsole is the layer in direct contact with the ground. Dress shoes have leather outsoles; casual or work-oriented shoes have outsoles made of natural rubber or a synthetic imitation. The outsole may comprise a single piece, or may comprise separate pieces of different materials. Often the heel of the sole is rubber for durability and traction, while the front is leather for style. Specialized shoes will often have modifications on this design: athletic cleats have spikes embedded in the outsole to grip the ground; many kinds of dancing shoes have much softer or harder soles. The layer in between the outsole and the insole that is typically there for shock absorption. Some types of shoes, like running shoes, have another material for shock absorption, usually beneath the heel where one puts the most pressure down. Different companies use different materials for the midsoles of their shoes. Some shoes may not have a midsole at all. The bottom rear part of a shoe is the heel. Its function is to support the heel of the foot. They are often made of the same material as the sole of the shoe. This part can be high for fashion or to make the person look taller, or flat for a more practical use. Any shoe has an upper part that helps hold the shoe onto the foot. In the simplest cases, such as sandals or flip flops, this may be nothing more than a few straps for holding the sole in place. Closed footwear, such as boots, sneakers and most men's shoes, will have a more complex upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style to look attractive.