13.1.3. Stem structure

Particles have no typical stem-building elements. As far as their stem structure is concerned particles fall into:

(1) simple-stem, cf. all, else, even, just, too, yet, not; все, так, ну, не, ж, еге, та, це, оце, чи;

(2) derivative-stem, cf. alone, merely, scarcely, simply; нумо, просто;

(3) compound-stem, cf. almost, also; невже, якраз;

(4) composite-stem, cf. why not; до того ж, ще й.

13.2. Tasks

13.2.1. Theoretical questions.

1. Typological characteristics of English and Ukrainian particles as parts of speech.

2. Lexico-grammatical classes of English and Ukrainian particles: allomorphic and isomorphic features.

3. Stem structure of English and Ukrainian particles: allomorphic and isomorphic features.

13.2.2. Practical assignments.

1. Put into classes:

Absolutely; here; well; but; never; well; really; why; also; almost; even.

Точно; справді; ані; таки; навіть; й; так; еге; атож; хіба; до того ж; та ну; майже; приблизно; хоча б; лише.

2. Put into allomorphic and isomorphic groups on the basis of the stem-structure:

All, merely, simply, almost, too, approximately, precisely.

Невже, авжеж, воно, просто, прямо, так, не, собі, чи.

Seminar 14 typological features of the modal words

14.1. Basic notes

14.1.1. Definition

Modal words are a part of speech which is characterized by the following features:

(1) lexico-grammatical meaning of modality;

(2) negative combinability;

(3) function of parenthetical elements.

14.1.2. Classes

According to their meaning modal words are traditionally classified into those expressing:

(1) shades of certainty, cf. certainly, of course, surely, no doubt, indeed, undoubtedly, really; певне, напевне, звичайно, безсумнівно, безперечно, безумовно, зрозуміло;

(2) degrees of probability, cf. maybe, perhaps, possibly; може, можливо, мабуть, ймовірно, видно, здається;

(3) shades of desirability, cf. fortunately, unfortunately; на щастя, на жаль, шкода;

(4) shades of doubt, uncertainty (coinciding in form with those, denoting probability), cf. maybe, perhaps, probably; може, можливо, майже.

14.2. TASKS

14.2.1. Theoretical questions.

1. Typological characteristics of English and Ukrainian modal words as parts of speech.

2. Lexico-grammatical classes of English and Ukrainian modal words: allomorphic and isomorphic features.

14.2.2. Practical assignments.

Put into classes:

Assuredly, indeed, of course, certainly, probably, possibly, maybe, perhaps, fortunately.

Можливо, безперечно, напевне, мабуть, певне, безсумнівно.

Seminar 15

TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE ARTICLE

15.1. Basic notes

15.1.1. Definition

English article is a part of speech which is characterized by:

(1) the lexico-grammatical meaning of definiteness/indefiniteness;

(2) the right-hand combinability with nouns;

(3) the function of noun specifiers.

15.1.2. Definite and indefinite articles.

In accordance with its meaning ‘one of many’ the indefinite article is used to denote one thing or class and is therefore classifying. In accordance with its demonstrative meaning the definite article points out or individualizes one object or a class of objects denoted y the noun it is associated with and is therefore an individualizing or limiting article.