- •1) Грамматический строй языка. Особенности структуры английского языка.
- •2) Грамматическая категория. Основное / транспонированное значение.
- •3) Грамматическое значение. Грамматические формы и способы из образования.
- •Morphemes From the point of view what they mark
- •From the point of view of how they mark and what they consist in
- •4) Ранние работы
- •5) Нормативная грамматика
- •6) Научные грамматики
- •7) Новые грамматические школы
- •3) Generative semantics (важно значение отношений, а не форма)
- •8) Text linguistics (text grammar)
- •9) Parts of speech
- •10) The noun (general)
- •11) Категория числа существительного
- •12) Категория падежа существительного
- •13) Категория определенности / неопределенности существительного
- •14) Род существительного
- •15) Имя прилагательное
- •16) Наречие
- •17) Числительное
- •18) Местоимение
- •19) Глагол. Общая характеристика.
- •Classification of Verbs
- •20) Глагол. Личные и неличные формы
- •21) Категория вида. Способы передачи отдельных видовых значений в английском языке (повторность, начинательность).
- •22) Категория временной соотнесенности. Проблематика. Значения перфектных форм в связи с лексическим характером глагола. Предельные / непредельные глаголы (terminative / non-terminative)
- •23) Категория залога. Проблема залога.
- •24) Категория наклонения. Проблема сослагательного наклонения в английском языке.
- •25) Категории лица и числа. Проблема согласования сказуемого с подлежащим.
- •26) Категория времени. Проблема выделения временных оппозиций. Правила согласования времен.
- •Sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- •Sequence of tenses in sentences with object clauses Present or future in the main clause
- •Past tense in the main clause
- •The choice of a past tense in the object subordinate clause
- •27) Form words
- •28) Предложение. Основные признаки. Аспекты предложения.
- •29) Классификация предложения по разным признакам
- •30) Коммуникативное (актуальное) членение предложения. Способы выделения смыслового центра.
- •31) Порядок слов. Его роль и функции. Инверсия и перемещение.
- •32) Сложные предложения. Их типы. Способы связи их частей. Особенности английского сложного предложения.
- •33) Модальность. Основные группы модальных значений. Средства выражения модальности.
- •34) Словосочетание. Основные признаки. Типы. Виды (средства) связей.
- •35) Предикативные словосочетания (синтаксические комплексы)
- •36) Коммуникативные типы высказывания.
- •37) Типы грамматик
35) Предикативные словосочетания (синтаксические комплексы)
Predicative word groups (= complexes which are not to be found in Russian). A predicative word group is a special kind of word group with predicative relations between the nominal and the verbal parts (but the relations between the doer and the action).
A syntactical complex is a predicative word group consisting of 2 parts: the nominal part expressed by a noun and the verbal part expressed by one of the non-finite forms. The relations between 2 parts are like those between the subject and the predicate. That’s why they are called predicative word groups.
English is rather rich in complexes:
five main types:
the Complex Object
the Complex Subject (in news, in brief)
the For-phrase (the For-Complex, the Prepositional Complex) I rely on you to do it.
the Gerundial Complex (I insist on Mr. Brown being elected)
the Absolute Nominative Participial Construction
within they are subdivided into bound (1, 2, 3, 4) and full (5)
(1, 2, 3, 4) – always function as an ingredient part of the sentence
(5) – it is absolute, it is not the I.C. of the sentence, it is always an adverbial
36) Коммуникативные типы высказывания.
The sentence is a communicative unit, therefore the primary classification of sentences must be based on the communicative principle. This principle is formulated in traditional grammar as the "purpose of communication".
In accord with the purpose of communication three cardinal sentence-types have long been recognised in linguistic tradition: first, the declarative sentence; second, the imperative (inducive) sentence; third, the interrogative sentence. These communicative sentence-types stand in strict opposition to one another.
Thus, the declarative sentence expresses a statement, either affirmative or negative, and as such stands in systemic syntagmatic correlation with the listener's responding signals of attention, of appraisal (including agreement or disagreement), of fellow-feeling.
The imperative sentence expresses inducement, either affirmative or negative. That is, it urges the listener, in the form of request or command, to perform or not to perform a certain action. As such, the imperative sentence is situationally connected with the corresponding "action response" (Ch. Fries), and lingually is systemically correlated with a verbal response showing that the inducement is either complied with, or else rejected.
The interrogative sentence expresses a question, i.e. a request for information wanted by the speaker from the listener. By virtue of this communicative purpose, the interrogative sentence is naturally connected with an answer, forming together with it a question-answer dialogue unity.
An attempt to revise the traditional communicative classification of sentences was made by the American scholar Ch. Fries.
In Fries's system, as a universal speech unit subjected to communicative analysis was chosen not immediately a sentence, but an utterance unit (a "free" utterance, i.e. capable of isolation). The sentence was then defined as a minimum free utterance.
Situation single free utterances (i.e. sentences) were further divided into three groups:
1) Utterances that are regularly followed by oral responses only. These are greetings, calls, questions.
2) Utterances regularly eliciting action responses. These are requests or commands.
3) Utterances regularly eliciting conventional signals of attention to continuous discourse. These are statements.
Alongside of the described "communicative" utterances, i.e. utterances directed to a definite listener, another, minor type of utterances were recognised as not directed to any listener but, as Ch. Fries puts it, "characteristic of situations such as surprise, sudden pain, disgust, anger, laughter, sorrow"
E.g.: Oh, oh! Goodness! My God! Darn! Gosh! Etc.
Such and like interjectional units were classed by Ch. Fries as "noncommunicative" utterances.