- •1) Грамматический строй языка. Особенности структуры английского языка.
- •2) Грамматическая категория. Основное / транспонированное значение.
- •3) Грамматическое значение. Грамматические формы и способы из образования.
- •Morphemes From the point of view what they mark
- •From the point of view of how they mark and what they consist in
- •4) Ранние работы
- •5) Нормативная грамматика
- •6) Научные грамматики
- •7) Новые грамматические школы
- •3) Generative semantics (важно значение отношений, а не форма)
- •8) Text linguistics (text grammar)
- •9) Parts of speech
- •10) The noun (general)
- •11) Категория числа существительного
- •12) Категория падежа существительного
- •13) Категория определенности / неопределенности существительного
- •14) Род существительного
- •15) Имя прилагательное
- •16) Наречие
- •17) Числительное
- •18) Местоимение
- •19) Глагол. Общая характеристика.
- •Classification of Verbs
- •20) Глагол. Личные и неличные формы
- •21) Категория вида. Способы передачи отдельных видовых значений в английском языке (повторность, начинательность).
- •22) Категория временной соотнесенности. Проблематика. Значения перфектных форм в связи с лексическим характером глагола. Предельные / непредельные глаголы (terminative / non-terminative)
- •23) Категория залога. Проблема залога.
- •24) Категория наклонения. Проблема сослагательного наклонения в английском языке.
- •25) Категории лица и числа. Проблема согласования сказуемого с подлежащим.
- •26) Категория времени. Проблема выделения временных оппозиций. Правила согласования времен.
- •Sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- •Sequence of tenses in sentences with object clauses Present or future in the main clause
- •Past tense in the main clause
- •The choice of a past tense in the object subordinate clause
- •27) Form words
- •28) Предложение. Основные признаки. Аспекты предложения.
- •29) Классификация предложения по разным признакам
- •30) Коммуникативное (актуальное) членение предложения. Способы выделения смыслового центра.
- •31) Порядок слов. Его роль и функции. Инверсия и перемещение.
- •32) Сложные предложения. Их типы. Способы связи их частей. Особенности английского сложного предложения.
- •33) Модальность. Основные группы модальных значений. Средства выражения модальности.
- •34) Словосочетание. Основные признаки. Типы. Виды (средства) связей.
- •35) Предикативные словосочетания (синтаксические комплексы)
- •36) Коммуникативные типы высказывания.
- •37) Типы грамматик
34) Словосочетание. Основные признаки. Типы. Виды (средства) связей.
There are several definitions and terms for word groups – a phrase or word combination.
The word group has been one of the most important subjects for consideration and discussion for a very long time, since the time of prenormative and normative grammars. In old grammars they paid much more attention to word groups than to sentences. Still later the term “phrase” was introduced for the word group. Some linguists (H. Sweet) described the term as polisemantic. (“phrase”) – it may be even a sentence, but nevertheless “phrase” is still used. At the beginning of the 20th century Bloomfield used term phrase and also he used terms head and center for the main element in the world group with subordination. And the second word was adjunct.
The word group is an intermediate unit between a word and a sentence. On the one hand a word group is closer to a word in meaning → a word group = an extended word, but on the other hand, from the structural point of view a word group is closer to a sentence, because like a sentence a word group has a certain syntactic structure, word order and certain means of connection.
2 basic approaches:
a word group – as a combination of at least two notional words, joined together with the help of one of the devices whish are called agreement, government and adjoinment
a word group – as a combination of at least two words of any class.
One of the greatest differences between a word group and a sentence is that a classical word group is a non-predicative unit, because a word group doesn’t carry predication (only sentences can carry it). A word group is a static explanation; a sentence carries some dynamic force. Thus a word group has no intonation of its own. But Bloomfield considered “John ran” as a word group. And Vinogradov considered that wg are only subordinate wg.
Classifications of word groups:
The first classification is based on the character of the relationship between the parts.
coordinate relations → coordinate word groups
subordinate relations → subordinate word groups
predicative relations → predicative word groups
Coordinate word groups – are word groups, groups of words, which have the same function (you and me), they are joined together either asyndetically or syndetically.
Subordinate word groups – in it there is always the head and an adjunct (зависимое слово).
Predicative word groups – are word groups the parts of which are joined by predicative relations (syntactical complexes).
As to the subordinate word groups they are further classified from the point of view of how their headword is expressed:
substantive word groups
adjectival word groups
adverbial word groups
verbal word groups
The problem concerns the word order (the arrangement of elements): if we consider the substantive word groups in Russian the usual extension goes to the right (the right hand distribution) in English – very often to the left (the left hand distribution).
Since we consider only free word groups we should expect that since a free word group is considered full, it has no phraseological meaning, we may understand that the general meaning of the whole group is a sum of the parts which constitute it, but sometimes we can’t say so → very often the meaning of the whole phrase depends on the position of the elements in relation to each other (the meaning depends on the meanings of the elements and the relationship both semantic and syntactic)
a house dog → a dog house