24) Категория наклонения. Проблема сослагательного наклонения в английском языке.

The category of mood if the grammar way of marking the modality of reality or unreality which is one of the spheres of modality. Traditionally we distinguish three moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive.

The indicative mood presents an action as real. The forms of the indicative mood are the tense-aspect forms of the verb.

The imperative mood presents an action as high hypothetical in formal advice, recommendation, request, order. Has 2 forms: negative and affirmative. There’s also insentive construction which also carries the idea of advice and recommendation (Let’s go. Let is followed by complex object construction).

The subjunctive mood presents an action as not quite real (in the present or in the future) and quite unreal (in the past).

There’s an opinion that the system of mood is in a state of decade. There are several ways of marking an action as unreal.

Otto Jesperson didn’t think it was a uniform category. Stelling didn’t think that the imperative mood should be treated as a mood form on the ground that it didn’t mark the reality of the action, he considered it to be a grammar idiom which expresses advice and recommendation.

The choice of the form/construction to mark the unreality of the action depends on: 1)the type of the sentence and type of clause 2) the word or the phrase which requires this particular form or construction 3) on the time reference: present, Future – non-perfect forms, Past – perfect forms.

Some linguists think that the past indefinite and the Past Perfect used to denote an unreal action are not mood forms at all, but tense forms.

1) The use of verb forms in a complex sentence with a clause of unreal condition after the conjunctions of condition (unless, if, in case) 1) referring to the future or present: If we should be out, call me at once (а вдруг, а если). If I were ever to see him I would tell him everything (если бы мне привелось). I would be glad if he could come now. I would be happy if they were having tea with us. 2) referring to the past If he had come, nothing would have happened.

2) the use of verb forms in a objective clause after the word wish 1) referring to the present or future I wish he came. I wish he could come. I wish it would stop raining. 2) referring to the past I wish he had been there. I wish he could have come.

3) the use of vf in a clause of manner, comparison, predicative clauses (as if, as though) 1) the action in the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the action in the main clause he looks as if he didn’t know it. 2) referring to the past He looks as if he had never known it. 3) referring to the future He looks as if he were not going to take it. He looks as if he will never agree.

4) the use of vf in attribute clause (after the construction it’s high time) It’s time he came. It’s time we were having tea.

5) the use of vf in subject, object, predicative clauses (advice, recommendation, order) 1) in a subject clause It’s necessary that we should stay here. (a compound subject – the introductory it and the notional part) 2) in an objective clause The teacher ordered that we should all come at 5. 3) an attribute clause Have you heard the order that we should all come at 5? 4) predicative The order is that we should all come at 5. 5) придаточное уступительное – no matter who, no matter how, whoever, however Whatever he may/might say…

The emotional should it is so could that you should have recovered.