A new Act is passed in order to:

• update or amend existing legislation;

• legislate for new circumstances and enforce government policies;

• ensure UK compliance with International or European Union (EU) Law;

• consolidate laws by bringing together into one statute all the existing statutes on one topic;

• codify rules by bringing together all the case law and statutes on a particular subject where the principles are established.

3. Parliament can enact any law it chooses or repeal obsolete laws which are no longer relevant, and the courts must enforce it.

4. The exception to this is EU law.

5. The government may proceed to initiate a consultative process by the publication of a Green Paper in which its proposals are set out at an early stage with the intention of attracting public response and comment.

6. The government's White Papers contain their more definite proposals, although, these are often published following consultation or discussion with pressure groups, professional bodies, or voluntary organisations.

7. A Bill does not have to be preceded by a White or Green paper, although it may have been presented for public scrutiny, that is, examination, in draft form earlier.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

29. Passing an act

1. The first Parliament Act, the Parliament Act 1911 asserted the supremacy of the House of Commons by limiting the legislation-blocking powers of the House of Lords.

2. Additionally, the 1911 Act amended the Septennial Act to reduce the maximum life of a Parliament from seven years to five years. The first Parliament Act was amended by the second Parliament Act, the Parliament Act 1949, which further limited the power of the Lords by reducing the time that they could delay bills, from two years to one.

3. All Acts must be submitted to both Houses of Parliament in the draft form of a Bill. The legislative process involves three readings in both Houses. At the first reading, the title is read to Members of Parliament (MPs); at the second reading, MPs debate proposals.

4. Then a standing committee will scrutinise the provisions in the Bill and may amend it to ensure that it enshrines the principles debated and approved at the second reading.

5. This is reported back to MPs. At the third reading, the Bill is re-presented. The Bill then goes through readings in the upper house. The actual drafting of the legislation is undertaken by Parliamentary Counsel.

6. Finally, a Bill must receive Royal Assent from the monarch before it becomes law on a specified date. In fact, this stage has been reduced to a formal reading of the short title of an Act in both Houses of Parliament and is now a formality.

7. Government Bills are introduced by the Government; Private Members Bills are proposed by MPs. Both methods may result in Public Acts that govern the general public. Private Acts affect particular individuals or institutions.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

30. The work of barristers

1. There are currently around 9,000 barristers in practice in England and Wales. Some barristers are employed in practice and may only represent their employer, for example as in-house counsel or in government departments like the Crown Prosecution Service.

2. Many of them work independently in self-employed practice in groups called chambers or sets and practise at the Bar as a barrister. Chambers are traditionally located in the four Inns of Court in London - Gray's Inn, Lincoln's Inn, Middle Temple, and Inner Temple - and are also located in the UK regions, known as circuits.

3. The Inns are principally non-academic societies which provide collegiate and educational resources for barristers and trainees.

4. Members of chambers, known as tenants, share common expenses and support services, which are administered by an administrative manager known as the Clerk, along with ancillary staff such as secretaries.

5. A barrister's main work is to provide representation in the courts, where they are referred to as counsel, to draft documents associated with court procedure, and to give opinions, that is, specialist legal advice.

6. They are normally instructed by solicitors or other recognised professionals, such as patent agents or Legal Advice Centres, on behalf of lay clients.

7. A number of Specialist Bar Associations, also known as SBAs, support and represent members. Barristers are governed by the General Council of the Bar, known as the Bar Council, and the Inns of Court.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

31. Law of japan

1. Civil law of Germany and France—was the model of the Japanese court system and legal system. However, after the Second World War, the Japanese legal system underwent major legal reform.

2. Constitutional law and criminal procedure law, which are most important for the protection of human rights, were revised by modeling American law. Therefore, it is possible to say that modernization of the Law of Japan was based on the European legal system that is a hybrid of continental and Anglo-American law.

3. Japanese Constitutional Law was adopted in 1946 after the Second World War. The Japanese Constitution contains thirty-one articles relating to human rights and it also provides for the separation of three powers: Legislative, Judicial and Governmental power.

4. The law of Japan was historically heavily influenced by Chinese law. Little is known about Japanese law prior to the seventh century.

5. Before Chinese characters were transplanted and adopted by the Japanese, the Japanese had no alphabet of their own with which to record their history.

6. Chinese characters were known to the Japanese in earlier centuries, but the process of assimilation of these characters into their indigenous language system took place in the third century.

7. This was due to the eagerness of the Japanese to transplant the culture of advanced continental civilizations, which was achieved mainly via adjacent countries such as the Korean Peninsular rather than directly from the Chinese mainland.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

32. History of japanese law

1. Two of the greatest systems of human philosophy and religion, Confucianism and Buddhism, were officially transplanted in 284–5 and 522 AD respectively, and became deeply acculturated into indigenous Japanese thought and ethics.

2. David and Zweigert and Kotz argue that the old Chinese doctrines of Confucius, have been very influential in the Japanese society, with the consequence that individuals tend to avoid litigation in favour of compromise and conciliation.

3. In addition, various advanced arts and techniques in every field of production, such as agriculture, building construction, medicine and tanning, were brought to Japan by immigrants from the peninsular.

4. The sweeping influence of these immigrants is evidenced by the many names of Korean origin still existing in family names, place names and names of Shinto shrines in the western half of Japan.

5. The massive flow of immigrants was accelerated by both internal and external circumstances. The external factors were the continuing political instability and turmoil in Korea.

6. Many of immigrants were hired in the Japanese court, and were included in the official rank system which had been introduced by the immigrants themselves.

7. It is possible that many other legal institutions were also introduced, although partially rather than systematically, and this was probably the first transplantation of foreign law to Japan.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

33. Historical development of japanese continental system

1. During periods Japanese law was unwritten and immature, and thus was far from comprising any official legal system. Nonetheless, Japanese society could not have functioned without some sort of law, however unofficial.

2. The law regulating people’s social lives can be found in contemporary general descriptions in Chinese historical books. The most noted of these is The Record on the Men of Wa, which was found in the Wei History, describing the Japanese state called Yamatai (or Yamato) ruled by the Queen Himiko (or Pimiko) in the second and third centuries.

3. According to this account, Japanese indigenous law was based on the clan system, with each clan forming a collective unit of Japanese society.

4. A clan comprised extended families and was controlled by its chief, who protected the rights of the members and enforced their duties with occasional punishments for crimes.

5. The law of the court organized the clan chiefs into an effective power structure, in order to control the whole of society through the clan system.

6. The form of these laws is not clearly known, but they may be characterized as indigenous and unofficial, as official power can rarely be identified.

7. In this period, a more powerful polity and a more developed legal system than the unofficial clan law of the struggling clan chiefs were required effectively to govern the society as a whole.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

34. Japanese continental system

1. Japanese indigenous law was based on the clan system, with each clan forming a collective unit of Japanese society. Yamatai must have been the first central government which succeeded in securing the required power through the leadership of Queen Himiko, who was reputed to be a shaman.

2. This leads to the assertion that Yamatai had its own primitive system of law, perhaps court law, which enabled it to maintain government over competing clan laws.

3. As a result, the whole legal system formed a primitive legal pluralism of court law and clan law.

4. It can also be asserted that this whole legal system was ideologically founded on the indigenous postulate which adhered to the shamanistic religio-political belief in polytheistic gods and which was called kami and later developed into Shintoism Masaji Chiba.

5. Two qualifications can be added to these assertions. First, some Korean law must have been transplanted, albeit unsystematically; this can be seen by the rank system in court law and the local customs among settled immigrants.

6. Second, official law was not clearly distinguished from unofficial law; this was due to the lack of written formalities, although court law was gradually emerging into a formal state law as far as central government was concerned.

7. For these reasons, it cannot be denied that a primitive legal pluralism had developed and is based on court and clan law, partially with Korean law and overwhelmingly with indigenous law.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

35. Common law system

1. The ancient law of England based upon societal customs and recognized and enforced by the judgments and decrees of the courts. The general body of statutes and case law that governed England and the American colonies prior to the American Revolution.

2. The principles and rules of action, embodied in case law rather than legislative enactments, applicable to the government and protection of persons and property that derive their authority from the community customs and traditions that evolved over the centuries as interpreted by judicial tribunals.

3. A designation used to denote the opposite of statutory, equitable, or civil, for example, a common-law action. The common-law system prevails in England, the United States, and other countries colonized by England.

4. It is distinct from the civil-law system, which predominates in Europe and in areas colonized by France and Spain.

5. The common-law system is used in all the states of the United States except Louisiana, where French Civil Law combined with English Criminal Law to form a hybrid system.

6. The common-law system is also used in Canada, except in the Province of Quebec, where the French civil-law system prevails.

7. Anglo-American common law traces its roots to the medieval idea that the law as handed down from the king's courts represented the common custom of the people. It evolved chiefly from three English Crown courts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

36. Common law

1. Anglo-American common law traces its roots to the medieval idea that the law as handed down from the king's courts represented the common custom of the people. . It was developed gradually from three English Crown courts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

2. These courts eventually assumed jurisdiction over disputes previously decided by local or manorial courts, such as baronial, admiral's (maritime), guild, and forest courts, whose jurisdiction was limited to specific geographic or subject matter areas.

3. Equity courts, which were instituted to provide relief to litigants in cases where common-law relief was unavailable, also merged with common-law courts.

4. This consolidation of jurisdiction over most legal disputes into several courts was the framework for the modern Anglo-American judicial system.

5. Early common-law procedure was governed by a complex system of Pleading, under which only the offenses specified in authorized writs could be litigated.

6. Complainants were required to satisfy all the specifications of a writ before they were allowed access to a common-law court. This system was replaced in England and in the United States during the mid-1800s.

7. A streamlined, simplified form of pleading, known as Code Pleading or notice pleading, was instituted. Code pleading requires only a plain, factual statement of the dispute by the parties and leaves the determination of issues to the court.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

37. Common-law courts

1. Common-law courts base their decisions on prior judicial pronouncements rather than on legislative enactments. Where a statute governs the dispute, judicial interpretation of that statute determines how the law applies.

2. Common-law judges rely on their predecessors' decisions of actual controversies, rather than on abstract codes or texts, to guide them in applying the law.

3. Common-law judges find the grounds for their decisions in law reports, which contain decisions of past controversies. Under the doctrine of Stare Decisis, common-law judges are obliged to adhere to previously decided cases, or precedents, where the facts are substantially the same.

4. A court's decision is binding authority for similar cases decided by the same court or by lower courts within the same jurisdiction.

5. The decision is not binding on courts of higher rank within that jurisdiction or in other jurisdictions, but it may be considered as persuasive authority.

6. Because common-law decisions deal with everyday situations as they occur, social changes, inventions, and discoveries make it necessary for judges sometimes to look outside reported decisions for guidance in a case of first impression (previously undetermined legal issue).

7. The common-law system allows judges to look to other jurisdictions or to draw upon past or present judicial experience for analogies to help in making a decision.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

38. Court system

1. This flexibility allows common law to deal with changes that lead to unanticipated controversies. At the same time, stare decision provides certainty, uniformity, and predictability and makes for a stable legal environment.

2. Under a common-law system, disputes are settled through an adversarial exchange of arguments and evidence. Both parties present their cases before a neutral fact finder, either a judge or a jury.

3. The judge or jury evaluates the evidence, applies the appropriate law to the facts, and renders a judgment in favor of one of the parties. Following the decision, either party may appeal the decision to a higher court.

4. Appellate courts in a common-law system may review only findings of law, not determinations of fact. Under common law, all citizens, including the highest-ranking officials of the government, are subject to the same set of laws, and the exercise of government power is limited by those laws.

5. The judiciary may review legislation, but only to determine whether it conforms to constitutional requirements. In practice, common law systems are considerably more complicated than the idealized system described above.

6. The decisions of a court are binding only in a particular jurisdiction, and even within a given jurisdiction, some courts have more power than others.

7. For example, in most jurisdictions, decisions by appellate courts are binding on lower courts in the same jurisdiction and on future decisions of the same appellate court.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

39. The early royal courts in england

1. For a time after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, the king himself sat to hear cases involving royal interests and the court was called coram rege (Latin for "before the king").

2. When the king began delegating authority to administer justice, the tribunal he appointed was called Curia Regis, the King's Court. Out of the Curia Regis came the three royal common-law courts.

3. The first offshoot was the Exchequer, which originally collected taxes and administered the king's finances, but by 1250 was exercising full powers as a court.

4. Next to develop as a separate court was Common Pleas, a court probably established by Henry II during the latter half of the twelfth century to hear cases not involving the king's rights.

5. The remaining part of the Curia Regis reviewed decisions of the Common Pleas by issuing writs of error. This court, later known as the King's Bench, also heard cases involving the king's interests, particularly criminal matters and cases involving high noblemen.

6. For many years the work of the court was written as if proceedings before it were before the king himself. The common-law courts competed with the Chancery, which exercised Equity jurisdiction, and their struggles shifted the division of authority at various times.

7. They were consolidated with the other high courts of England by the Judicature Acts in the late nineteenth century.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

40. King's bench or queen's bench

1. The Court of the King's Bench or Court of the Queen's Bench derived from the royal court first established by William the Conqueror in the eleventh century. The royal court, called the curia regis, was not a judicial body in the modern sense.

2. Rather, it was an assembly of English lords and noblemen that resolved matters of special importance to the king. As the king traveled about England, the royal court followed, advising him and deciding cases.

3. The royal court was reorganized by the Crown in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and renamed the Court of the King's Bench or Court of the Queen's Bench.

4. This court existed as an alternative to the Court of Common Pleas, which was comprised of professional judges. At first the two courts heard different types of cases. However, over the course of several centuries, the Court of the King's Bench or Court of the Queen's Bench expanded its jurisdiction to hear virtually any case.

5. This encroached on the power of the Court of Common Pleas, and the two courts competed for cases.

6. In 1873 Parliament abolished the Court of the King's Bench or Court of the Queen's Bench—then under Queen Victoria—and merged it into the High Court of Justice as the King's Bench Division.

7. The King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice is empowered to hear appeals of certain cases. The High Court of Justice is akin to a U.S. trial court. It has two other divisions: the Family Division and the Chancery Division.

II Finish up the sentences by adding one of the fragments.

1.

#1. The trial was expected (...)5

#2. Yesterday the courtroom (...)4

#3. I thanked the solicitor for (...)7

#4. The solicitor had to prepare the case yesterday, (...)8

#5. The solicitor looked tired as if he (...)1

1) ... had prepared all the documents already.

2) ... didn't he?

3) ... start on Monday.

4) ... was full of newspapermen.

5) …to start on Monday.

6) ... prepared all the documents already.

7) …preparing the case for the trial.

8) …hadn't he?

2.

#1. I've just bought the textbooks (...)8

#2. I wondered if that textbook (...)5

#3. The bought textbook on the theory of state and law (...)1

#4. At this time tomorrow I (...)4

#5. I wish I were a university professor and (...)6

1) ... was written last year.

2) ... shall have been written by the end of the term.

3) ... to write by university professors.

4) ... shall be writing my course paper in civil law.

5) ... had been written by Prof. Rabinovych.

6) ... could write new textbooks in law.

7) ... to have been written last academic year.

8) ... written by well-known professors in civil law.

3.

#1. We wrote an appeal to the Court of Appeals (...)4

#2.I was writing an appeal (...)5

#3. Having written the appeal (...)8

#4. The lawyer made me (...)1

#5. I wish (...)7

1) ... write an appeal to a higher court.

2) ... before my lawyer came.

3) ... to rewrite this appeal.

4) ... two days ago.

5) ... from 5 till 7 yesterday.

6) … when she had called me.

7) ... I were not so busy writing the appeal now.

8) … I checked it carefully.

4.

#1. Ann has been studying (...)7

#2. Ann had been studying (...)5

#3. Ann is very clever. We believe she will be able (...)8

#4. Ann always studies in the evening and what about you? (...)2

#5. Ann is proud of (...)1

1) ... studying law at Oxford University.

2) ... So do I.

3) ... should have studied yesterday

4) … So am I.

5) ... for three hours before we came.

6) ... study at Oxford University.

7) ... for three hours. She may be very tired.

8) ... to study law at Oxford University.

5.

#1. While I was checking my e-mail (...)8

#2. I wanted him (...)1

#3. If he is not busy tomorrow (...)7

#4. The article will have been translated (...)3

#5. If he had worked very hard (...)5

1) ... to translate this article about current elections.

2) ... he has been translating.

3) ... by the time you come.

4) ... he were translating this article about current elections.

5) ... he would have translated these texts from Legal English textbook without any mistakes.

6) ... translating the text on the US court system.

7) ... he will help you to translate the article about elections.

8) ... he was translating the text on the US court system.

6.

#1. When I entered the courtroom (...)5

#2. If you had asked your lawyer yesterday (...)6

#3. As soon as he comes (...)7

#4. The prosecutor made (...)1

#5. The judge had been explaining every witness his/her rights (...)3

1) ... the witness explain everything to the jury.

2) ... the judge is explaining how the trial will be conducted.

3) ... since the cross examination began.

4) ... to explain everything to me.

5) ... the judge was explaining how the trial would be conducted.

6) ... he would have explained you that article of the Criminal Code.

7) ... I'll explain everything to him.

8) … he will have explained everything.

7.

#1. I have already passed the Bar Final examination, and what about you? (...)5

#2. I'm not sure (…)7

#3. We shall be passing our Law Society Final examination (...)4

#4. He said (...)5

#5. If you had worked harder last term (...)6

1) ... since morning.

2) ... he had passed all the professional examinations.

3) ... Neither have I.

4) ... at this time tomorrow.

5) ... So have I.

6) ... you wouldn't have failed the exam. Shame on you!

7) ... whether he will be able to pass the professional exam.

8) ... he have passed all the exams.

8.

#1. If the librarian comes the students (...)3

#2. The lecturers made the students (...)4

#3. The law students are looking forward to (...)7

#4. Usually the books (...)5

#5. By the beginning of the academic year all the necessary textbooks (...)8

... borrowed all the books in their subjects from the library.

... to borrow books from the academic library.

... will be able to borrow the books from the library.

.... borrow all the books in their subjects from the library.

... are borrowed by the students at the beginning of a term.

... are borrowing the books from the library now.

.... borrowing the textbooks in law from the academic library.

8) ... had been borrowed by the students.

9.

#1. She can (...)5

#2. I wondered (...)8

#3. In the evening while I was preparing for the seminar (...)2

#4. All the mistakes (...)7

#5. If you made a mistake (...)3

1) ... was corrected by the teacher.

2) ... she was correcting mistakes in the final draft of her course paper.

3) ... the teacher would correct it.

4) ... being corrected.

5) ... correct all the mistakes in her course paper herself.

6) ... to correct all mistakes in your course paper.

7) ... were corrected by the teacher.

8) ... who had corrected all the mistakes in his course paper.

10.

#1. If I were you (...)6

#2. We wondered (...)7

#3. As soon as you read materials of this case (...)1

#4. If he had read the materials of this case (...)2

#5. She had been in that job of a solicitor for ten years (...)5

1) ... give them back to me.

2) ... he would have given them back to you.

3) … I shall act differently.

4) … to give them back to me.

5) … before she left it last year.

6) … I should act differently.

7) … how he was progressing in his new job in the law department of a large commercial enterprise.

8) … before she has left the position.

11.

#1. They accused me (…)3

#2. Our next door neighbour was arrested (...)1

#3. Three people have been charged (…)7

#4. She denied (…)5

#5. I doubt whether (…)2

for shoplifting.

she's guilty.

of shoplifting.

with theft.

stealing the clothes.

to be guilty.

by shoplifting.

she's guilt.

12.

#1. I caught glimpse (…)8

#2. My friends made me (…)6

#3. She says she was made (…)7

#4. It is illegal for (…)5

#5. It is necessary (…)4

to stealing something from the shop.

to someone shoplifting.

with stealing something from the shop.

that witnesses should tell the truth in court.

someone to steal something from the shop.

steal something from the shop.

to steal something from the shop.

of someone shoplifting.

13.

#1. All twelve members of the jury were convinced (...)8

#2. I don't think I'd ever (…)3

#3. A psychiatrist was called (...)6

#4. Everyone should have the right (...)7

#5. If you break the law, you deserve (...)5

with the defendant's guilt.

make a serious crime.

commit a serious crime.

as an expert witness during the trial.

to a fair trial.

for a fair trial.

to be punished.

of the defendant's guilt.

14.

#1. Governments must be allowed (...)5

#2. Can you imagine what it's like (...)6

#3. It's very important that justice (...)8

#4. Another phrase for “capital punishment” (...)2

#5. The spy was sentenced (...)4

is seen to be done.

is “ the death sentence”.

is “the corporal punishment.

to life imprisonment.

to introduce and change the laws.

being imprisoned for years in a cell?

to be imprisoned for years in a cell?

is seen to be doing.

15.

#1. A number of bystanders watched the robbers (...)2

#2. 'Silence in court! shouted (…)5

#3. The jury found her not (...)6

#4. If the police feel sure a person is guilty (...)7

#5. To take someone to court (...)1

means to prosecute someone.

speed off in a stolen car.

means to persecute someone.

the barrister angrily.

the judge angrily.

guilty of all charges.

they charge that person with a crime.

to speed off in a stolen car.

16.

#1.Should a murderer (…)2

#2.The judge gave us permission (…)5

#3.We don't know who was (…)7

#4.We need prisons in order to keep society (…)8

#5.Many people are taking advantage (…)4

1. of the change in the tax law.

2. be given a death penalty?

3. being given a death penalty?

4. of the change in the taxation law.

5. to call a surprise witness.

6. to call a surprise witnesses.

7. at fault yet, but we'll find out.

8. safe from dangerous criminals.

17.

#1.I am not sure (…)2

#2.There is absolutely no solid (…)3

#3. You shouldn't make accusations like that (…)8

#4.When he left the police force, he worked (…)5

#5.I hope that your imprisonment has shown (…)1

you the error of your deeds.

that sending young offenders to prison is such a good idea.

proof that he was near the scene of the crime.

with evidence.

as a private investigator for a while.

like a private investigator for a while.

prove that he was near the scene of the crime.

without evidence.

18.

#1. I am not saying another word (…)2

#2. Lying and stealing are both forms (…)7

#3.There is no doubt this painting (…)8

#4. Drug addiction is no excuse (…)6

#5. The conviction of a number of senior executives (…)1

has left the whole business community in shock.

until I have spoken to my lawyer.

until I will speak to my lawyer.

is a forge.

to hold up a petrol station!

for holding up a petrol-station!

of dishonesty.

is a forgery.

19.

#1.The problem with prisons is that they are full (…)4

#2.Luckily, the bomb disposal squad defused the bomb (…)6

#3.Nobody was convinced when the man claimed (…)2

#4.The policewoman started to take down everything (…)3

#5.Brown was found guilty (…)1

1. of holding up the bank and was sentenced to five years in prison.

2. the gun had gone off accidentally in his hand.

3. I was saying and I knew I was in serious trouble.

4. of criminals who can teach new inmates all their tricks and skills.

5. before it went off.

6. before it would go off.

7. the gun has gone off accidentally in his hand.

8. I was saying and I knew I was O.K.

20.

#1. The policeman decided to let John (…) 2

#2.Some countries have (…)3

#3.The witness thought (…)8

#4.Mr. Brown knows common-law system better (…)6

#5.There have been so many robberies (…)4

1. late that people are afraid

2. have so strict laws that people have very little freedom.

3. such strict laws that people protest against them.

4. lately that people are becoming afraid.

5. off this time, but told him that he wouldn't be so lucky next time.

6. than anybody else.

7. I was the thief but realised that she is right.

8. I was the thief but realised that she was wrong.

21.

#1. The police found out that (...)7

#2. George turns out (...)8

#3. Professor Brown arrived on Monday, but I (...)10

#4. If I were in your shoes (...)3

#5. I wonder when (...)1

... they stop arguing over such trifle.

... they will stop arguing over these trifles.

... I should stop arguing with the inspector as soon as possible.

... I should stop argue as soon as possible.

... didn’t see him yet.

... he has known the victim of this accident before.

... he had known the victim of this accident before.

... to have been seen at the scene of the accident.

... to be seen at the scene of the accident.

... haven’t seen him yet.

22.

#1. If the driver in front hadn’t stopped so suddenly (...)3

#2. We heard the witness (...) 4

#3. The members of the law society heard his name (...) 8

#4. I wouldn’t be so happy now if (...) 2

#5. When she entered the courtroom (...)1

... the judge was reading the verdict.

... I hadn’t got this invitation at last.

.... the accident wouldn’t have happened.

.... mentioning the most important facts.

... the prosecutor have been examining a witness.

.... to mentioned.

... mentioned it.

.... being mentioned by the chairman several times.

... the incident wouldn’t happen.

.... I have received that invitation already.

23.

#1. Why can’t you go to the club to celebrate the Lawyer’s Day? – Because I’m busy (...)10

#2. As far as I know she can go the club to celebrate the Lawyer’s Day. She (...)1

#3. She is not at the party in the club. She (...)6

#4. It was stupid of her not (...)2

#5. She wished she (...)5

1. ... must have written her essay. She is sure to hand it in on Monday.

2. ... to have written her essay in the library yesterday. There was plenty of material there.

3) ... to write my essay. I am to hand it in on Monday.

4) ... have written her essay already.

5) ... had written her essay in the library yesterday. There was plenty of material there.

6) ... may be still writing her essay to hand it in on Monday.

7) … have been writing the essay since morning.

... shall have written the essay by Monday.

... being written by her now.

10. ... writing an essay on US Constitution. I am to hand it in on Monday.

24.

#1. By the time the police arrive the burglars (...)1

#2. Though the policemen were dead tired they kept on (...)4

#3. The burglar’s alarm got activated and the burglars ought (...)2

#4. The policemen were dead tired yesterday, you (...)3

#5. The policemen were dead tired yesterday, but they (...)6

1. ... will have run away.

2. ... to have escaped from the crime scene but they were attacked by the dog.

3. … might have investigated the scene of the crime yourself.

4. … investigating the house in search of fingerprints and other evidence.

5. ... run away.

6. ... have thoroughly investigated the scene of the crime.

7. ... be thoroughly investigated.

8. ... have investigated the scene of the crime already.

9. ... will investigated the scene of the crime.

10) ... having investigated the scene of the crime.

25.

#1. I didn’t have to wait long for the inspector as when I came the last witness (...)10

#2. The inspector has not come yet. He may (...)3

#3. The inspector is very busy today as there are plenty of accident’s witnesses (...)5

#4. The inspector is busy talking with the witnesses of the bank robbery. He is said (...)1

#5. If all the witnesses had come for the interrogation yesterday the inspector (...)9

1) ... to have been examining them since morning.

2) ... was seen examining the witnesses yesterday.

3) ... be still interrogating the witnesses.

4) ... had examined the witnesses already.

5) ... to be examined by him.

6) ... were examined today.

7) ... has to examine all the witnesses today.

8) ... without examining the witnesses.

9) ... would have examined them.

10) ... was being examined.

26.

#1. Yesterday the victim was found in the yard (...)3

#2. The victim is said (...)2

#3. The police would like to see the missed child (...)6

#4. It’s midnight already and the missed child (...)5

#5. The suspect couldn’t commit the crime himself, he (...)4

1. ... has had an accomplice.

2. ... to have been murdered 5 hours ago.

3. ... being murdered.

4. ... must have had an accomplice.

5. ... can’t be still playing with his friends in the yard.

6. ... found already.

7) ... were playing with his friends at 5 o'clock yesterday.

8) ... shall be found by all means tomorrow.

9) ... have been found already.

10) ... playing with his friends in the yard.

27.

#1. If you don’t cross at a zebra-crossing you risk (...)5

#2. Yesterday I heard an awful scream and saw a car (...)7

#3. Before the driver put on the brakes his car (...)2

#4. The crowd of people gathered on the street. The driver must (...)1

#5. The girl didn’t notice the red light and was lucky not (…)3

1. … have knocked down a girl.

2. ... had knocked down a girl already.

3. ... to have been knocked down by a car.

4. ... having knocked down by a girl.

5. ... being knocked down by a car.

6. ... be knocked down by a car.

7. ... knock down a girl.

8. ... has been knocked down by a car.

9. ... to have knocked down a girl.

10. ... seems to knock down a girl.

28.

#1. The student said that having written his course paper in Legal Studies he (...)5

#2. The student has just finished writing his course paper in Legal Studies, he (...)3

#3. When you see Jane tomorrow she will be reading the same academic journal (...)10

#4. Kate appears (...)7

#5. This course paper (...)2

1. ...do not produce any impression on me.

2. ... seems to be the best of all I’ve read today.

3. ... is to discuss it with the teacher tomorrow.

4. ... that she had worked hard on her course paper.

5. ... was to discuss it with his professor in law the following day.

6. ... he shall start with translating the letter they got yesterday.

7. ... to have worked hard on her course paper she looks very pale.

8. ... that she had borrowed from the university library.

9. ... make sure that they will discuss it with the teacher tomorrow.

10. ... that she has borrowed from the university library.

29.

#1. She wouldn’t have been injured (...)10

#2. Seeing that the bus was rather far from him Nick decided not to catch it because (...)6

#3. After all the passengers got on the bus (...)3

#4. I decided to go to the country by car right after (...)8

#5. He may drive his car after (...)1

1. ... he has received his driving license.

2. ... the driver will drive off.

3. ... the driver drove off.

4. ... he do not drive too fast.

5. … he will be able to receive his driving license.

6. ... the driver would drive off before he reached it.

7. ... he had not been driven too fast.

8. ... having received my driving license.

9. ... if she had been wearing a seat-belt.

10. ... if she had been worn a seat-belt.

30.

#1. What would you do if (...)4

#2. Some people noticed him (…)8

#3. George wonders whether (...)9

#4. When the fire brigade arrived (...).6

#5. The parents were enjoying the film while (...).1

1. ... their children were playing with the matches.

2. ... the whole building has been on fire.

3. ...to steal the car.

4. ... your car were stolen one day? .

5. ... their children had been playing with the matches.

6. ... the whole building had been on fire.

7. ... your car would be stolen one day?

8. ... stealing the car.

9. ... you have taken his bicycle without asking for his permission.

10. .... you took his car without asking.

31.

#1. If he had been more attentive while driving (...)2

#2. When Jack is silent too long his mother may suspect (...)4

#3. After the little boy had kept silent for some time his mother suspected (...)3

#4. The suspect was released (...)9

#5. Having arrested someone suspected of committing a crime, the police decide (...)10

... he couldn’t have met any accident.

... he wouldn’t have had any accident.

... that he had done something wrong and wanted to hold back the information about it.

... that he has done something wrong and wants to hold back the information about it.

... they have evidence to make a formal charge.

.... after he will agree to surrender his passport and put up some money as security.

... that he did something wrong and wanted to keep it in secret.

... if they have had enough evidence to make a formal accusation.

.... after he had agreed to surrender his passport.

... if they have enough evidence to make a formal accusation.

32.

#1.The prisoner knew he had (…)7

#2.The boy denied (…)6

#3.Suddenly someone shouted, “Thief!” and (…)8

#4.Things started (…)9

#5.The sign says that all shoplifters (…)3

1. that he has had anything to do with this crime.

2. to come wrong.

3. will be persecuted.

4. the men quickly ran away.

5. done a mistake and would regret it.

6. that he had had anything to do with the murder.

7. made a mistake and would regret it all his life.

8. the man disappeared.

9. to go wrong.

10. will be prosecuted.

33.

#1. I decided to buy a burglar alarm (…)3

#2. When Alan was stopped outside the supermarket (…) 7

#3. As it was Ann's first offence she (…)5

#4. After climbing over the prison wall, Peter managed (…) 2

#5. At the end of the trial Hilary was found (…)1

1. guilty and sentenced to six months in prison.

2. to get away by stealing a car parked nearly.

3. after someone had broken into my house and stole my stereo.

4. he ended up at the police station, charged with shoplifting.

5. was let off with only a warning.

6. after someone breaking into my house and stealing my video.

7. he ended up at the police station charged of shoplifting.

8. was letting off with only a warning.

9. to get around by cheating the policeman.

10. guilt and sentenced.

34.

#1. The old people who live opposite (…)2

#2. My neighbours admitted denting my car but got away (…) 3

#3. The bank at the end of the street was held (…)8

#4. Nobody saw Jack cheating and he got away (…)7

#5. The hijackers took fifteen people (…)1

1. hostage and demanded $1,000,000 from the authorities.

2. were taken in by a salesman who cheated them out of their money.

3. with only $50 damages.

4. up by two masked men last week.

5. with it, although everyone suspected what had happened.

6. were taken in by a salesmen who cheated them out of their money.

7. from justice.

8. up by two masked man last week.

9. with it, although suspecting everybody.

10. in prison for life sentence.

35.

#1. This was one of the few crimes he (…) 1.hostage on the plane.3

#2. The hijackers are still holding twenty people (…) 1

#3. He was charged (…) 8

#4. The man jumped out of the window (…) 4

#5. The police said there was no sign (…)5

1. hostage on the plane.

2. with a breach of currency regulations.

3. had not committed.

4. and committed suicide.

5. of a forced entry even though the house had been burgled.

6. did not do.

7. in prison.

8. of a breach of currency regulations.

9. and had committed suicide.

10. of nobody breaking into the house.

36.

#1.The thieves scattered the papers all over the room (…)6

#2. The police caught the thief (…) 3

#3. He was arrested for trying to pass (…)4

#4. Thieves got away (…)2

#5. The police asked if I thought I could (…) 1

1. identify the man who stole my car.

2. with a haul of jewelery worth thousands of pounds.

3. red-handed.

4. counterfeit notes at the bank.

5. while they were searching for the money.

6. having searched for the money.

7. when he had tried to escape.

8. his exam to the professor.

9. with a haul of crimes committed by them.

10. help the men who stole my car.

37.

#1. When someone is sentenced to execution, (…) 3

#2. When someone is placed on a community (…) 4

#3.When someone is sentenced to imprisonment (…)5

#4. When someone is put on parole, (…) 2

#5.When someone is put on probation, (…)1

1. he is released before his prison sentence is finished.

2. he is given a period of time when service order he must behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison.

3. he is killed as a legal punishment for a crime.

4. the court requires an offender to perform unpaid work in his spare time and to contribute to his community.

5. he is put in prison for a crime.

6. he is found innocent.

7. he is charged with murder.

8. he is acquitted.

9. he is praised.

10. he is allowed to be visited in prison.

38.

#1. Rising poverty in US cities has led (…)3

#2. Anti- social behaviour (…)4

#3. Knife crime mostly (…)5

#4. White collar crime (…) 1

#5. Fraud has a big impact (…) 2

1. has an impact on the whole economy.

2. on older people, as they sometimes lose their life savings.

3. to a rise in a gun crime.

4. adversely affects the communities we live in.

5. impacts young men.

6. to prosperity of the country.

7. benefits the community we live in.

8. impacts a young men.

9. is a crime committed by people wearing white shirts.

10. on the thieves who committed this crime.

39.

#1. Refugees are known (…) 9

#2.The court made him (…) 10

#3.Death penalty is unlikely (…) 2

#4.The Head of the Supreme Council is likely (…) 6

#5. We believe human rights (…) 1

1. to be violating.

2. to be abolished.

3. not to be violated.

4. to pay the damages

5. being abolished.

6. to prorogue in a week.

7. passing a sentence soon.

8. being fled from their own countries.

9. to have fled from their own countries.

10. pay damages.

40.

#1. If there were no laws in the society (…) 5

#2. If the police had held the suspect (…) 6

#3. It is necessary for you (…) 8

#4. If the barrister had given enough evidence (…)9

#5. I wish the trial (…)10

1. is fair and unbiased.

2. to have learnt this lecture in civil law.

3. the defendant wouldn't been sentenced.

4. he wouldn't have made another serous crime.

5. many innocent people would languished in prisons.

6. he wouldn't have committed another serious crime.

7. many innocent people would languish in prisons.

8. to learn this lecture in civil law.

9. the defendant wouldn't have been sentenced.

10. had been fair and unbiased.

41.

#1. Common Law system is different (…)7

#2. When the professor entered the room (…)8

#3. The judge will have passed the sentence (…)6

#4. The European Convention on Human Rights is “equity” and “statute” known (…)10

#5. This judge is said (…)9

1. at five o'clock tomorrow.

2. than Continental system.

3. the students gave the definitions of the terms

4. to being fair and unbiased.

5. to be adopted by many countries in 1950.

6. by five o'clock tomorrow.

7. from Continental system.

8. the students were giving the definitions of the terms “equity” and “statute”.

9. to be fair and unbiased.

10. to have been adopted by many countries in 1950.

III. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate grammar form(s).

1. He ………. as a lawyer for ten years already and doesn’t want to change his profession.

1) works 2) has been working 3) is working 4) work

2. Everybody believes that the judge ……………….. his decision by the end of this month.

1) will make 2) would make 3) will have made 4) makes

3. He ………… according to the seriousness of his crime.

1) punish 2) will be punished 3) will have punished 4) shall punish

4. The jury must …………….. the discussion already.

1) have finished 2) has finished 3) finished 4) be finished

5. They have no grounds for complaining. We ………. the bill two days ago.

1) have paid 2) had paid 3) paid 4) were paid

6. The police ……….. this dangerous criminal for two weeks already but they haven’t found him yet.

1) are looking for 2) have been looking for 3) look for 4) has looked for

7. The jury must ………… the matter in detail at the moment.

1) are discussing 2) be discussing 3) have discussed 4) discussed

8. The problem of organized crime is unlikely ………………. during this conference.

1) to discusses 2) to have discussed 3) to be discussed 4) to be discussing

9. The policeman made the robber …………… in his gun.

1) to hand 2) to have handed 3) hand 4) to be handing

10. The police ……………… of the accident already. We expect them to come in a few minutes.

1) has been informed 2) was informed 3) have been informed 4) has informed

11. The witness told the police that he ……… the stolen car two days before.

1) saw 2) has seen 3) had seen 4) have seen

12. When he was on holiday in London, his camera ………… in the hotel.

1) has been stolen 2) was stolen 3) is stolen 4) stole

13. If he is found guilty, he ……………….. to a life imprisonment.

1) is sentenced 2) will be sentenced 3) will sentence 4) have sentenced

14. The police are reported ……………….. a good reward for information.

1) to have offered 2) have offered 3) has offered 4) is offered

15. The burglar waited until it was dark enough ………….. the house.

1) to break into 2) to break on 3) break into 4) to break out

16. He can’t leave this place as the police …………. for him.

1) looks 2) is looking 3) are looking 4) look

17. All members of the jury …………….. of his guilt.

1) were convinced 2) convinced 3) was convinced 4) had convinced

18. Yesterday the spy ……….. to a seven-year term.

1) is sentenced 2) has been sentenced 3) was sentenced 4) sentenced

19. The prisoner knew that he ………….. a mistake and would regret it forever.

1) had made 2) has made 3) makes 4) have made

20. His friends made him ……………… all these things from the shop.

1) to steal 2) steal 3) stealing 4) stole

21. The robber …………… the stolen jewellery by tomorrow.

1) will sell 2) will have sold 3) will be selling 4) sell

22. The investigator ………….. all the witnesses already.

1) was questioning 2) have questioned 3) has questioned 4) questioned

23. Every day shoplifters …………. a lot of things from supermarkets.

1) steal 2) are stealing 3) steals 4) have stolen

24. The detective realized that the burglar …………….. into the flat.

1) have broken 2) had broken 3) has broken 4) breaks

25. This accident ……………….. by dangerous driving.

1) was caused 2) caused 3) has caused 4) had been caused

26. It is the first time he ……………… a serious crime.

1) have investigated 2) investigated 3) has investigated 4) investigates

27. The barrister …………… his arguments for two weeks already.

1) prepared 2) is preparing 3) has been preparing 4) prepares

28. When the police arrived they found that the criminals …………… .

1) escaped 2) had escaped 3) have escaped 4) has escaped

29. Finally he ……………….. of attempting to murder.

1) was being accused 2) was accused 3) have been accused 4) accused

30. He is said (…) for twelve years already.

1) to have been imprisoned 3) to be imprisoned

2) to has been imprisoned 4) to had been imprisoned

31. The judge asserted that the offender ………….. guilty.

1) is 2) was 3) has been 4) have been

32. This judge ………………….. law for ten years now.

1) have been practicing 2) practices 3) has been practicing 4) had practiced

33. The President is said ……………… this law two days ago.

1) to approve 2) to has approved 3) to have approved 4) to had approved

34. Germany is known ………………… one of the leading states of EU.

1) being 2) to be 3) to has been 4) be

35. The President would like the Parliament …………… this bill.

1) adopt 2) to adopt 3) adopting 4) having adopted

36. ………….. the bank, the criminals left the country.

1) having robbed 2) to have robbed 3) having been robbed 4) had robbed

37. The head of the government is the President who ………… by people.

1) elected 2) is elected 3) elects 4) being elected

38. The Lord Chancellor is the head of the judiciary …………….. as the President of the Supreme Court of England and Wales.

1) being served 2) serving 3) have served 4) serves

39. The House of Commons is the elected body ……………… 646 members.

1) consisted of 2) has consisted of 3) consisting of 4) consist of

40. Yesterday the terrorists took control of the aircraft and made the pilots …… the course.

1) change 2) to change 3) changing 4) having changed

41. He doesn’t look like a criminal. He can’t ……………….. so many crimes.

1) have been committing 2) has committed 3) have committed 4) committed

42. When they came back they found that their car ……………… .

1) had stolen 2) had been stolen 3) has been stolen 4) is stolen

43. After both sides of the case had been heard the man ………….. to be guilty.

1) was found 2) is found 3) has been found 4) was founded

44. He could …………. the evidence but he refused.

1) has given 2) had given 3) have given 4) was given

45. Jurors are said ………………. their decision already.

1) to have made 2) have made 3) made 4) to had made

46. If the jurors decide that he is guilty, he ……………. to 4 years imprisonment.

1) was sentenced 2) will be sentenced 3) would be sentenced 4) has sentenced

47. The Supreme Court has the task of interpreting laws which …………. in lower courts.

1) had been disputed 2) has been disputed 3) have been disputed 4) was disputed

48. Police wouldn’t have stopped your car yesterday if you ………….. too fast.

1) didn’t drive 2) hadn’t driven 3) was driving 4) hasn’t driven

49. The crowd of people gathered on the street. The driver must …………… down a girl.

1) knock 2) has knocked 3) have knocked 4) had knocked

50. He seems ……………….. as a barrister for ten years already.

1) to practice 2) to have been practicing 3) to be practicing 4) to be practiced

51. The Common law …………… contrasted to the civil-law system.

1) are to be 2) must to be 3) can be 4) have to be

52. The common law …………… on the principle of deciding cases by reference to previous judicial decisions.

1) have been based 2) has been based 3) based 4) is based

53. The statute …………. the monarch from royal interference with the law.

1) prohibit 2) prohibited 3) had prohibited 4) have prohibited

54. If the student………… those legal terms he would not have made so many mistakes.

1) had known 2) knew 3) has known 4) knows

55. At this moment this student ……………….. civil law to pass an exam for good.

1) learns 2) is learning 3) was learning 4) has been learning

56. The rule of law ………………… from the writings of the19th century British jurists.

1) developed 2) was developed 3) are developed 4) has developed

57. In legal language equity ……………………to a specific set of legal principles.

1) applied 2) is being applied 3) was applied 4) applies

58. Equity and Common law ………………….different but both are law.

1) can be 2) should be 3) could be 4) must be

59. An accomplice made him ………………….. in the court.

1) lie 2) to lie 3) lies 4) lied

60. I will tell her the criminal news after she ………………from her business trip.

1) arrives 2) will arrive 3) arrive 4) would arrive

61. Native American……………… vote until 1924.

1) could 2) was not able 3) couldn’t 4) can

62. The jury………….. Evans guilty of smuggling.

1) has founded 2) found 3) find 4) had found

63. Don’t worry about this case because you…………… good evidence.

1) be 2) will be 3) will be have 4) have

64. A very common form of punishment for minor offences………a fine.

1) is being 2) have been 3) are 4) is

65. Too often the crime of domestic violence ………………..away.

1) has hidden 2) is hidden 3) hides 4) hide

66. If the policeman…… with the police station by walkie-talkie, the burglar wouldn’t have been caught.

1) don’t connect 2) hadn’t connected 3) wouldn’t connect 4) wasn’t connect

67. The smuggler……already…..many goods in his country.

1) brought 2) had brought 3) has brought 4) was brought

68. In most legal systems conversations between a lawyer and his client ………….

1) is privileged 2) are privileged 3) privileged 4) was privileged

69. It ………………difficult to compare the legal freedoms of countries in the past.

1) can be 2) can 3) could 4) could to be

70. While he …………………….for witnesses to arrive he is signing his will.

1) was waiting 2) is waiting 3) waits 4) waited

71. The story began when one man …………………………….. for arson.

1) arrested 2) was arrested 3) is arrested 4) has been arrested

72. If the plaintiff ……………… the laws very well he would gain his goal.

1) has known 2) had known 3) knew 4) knows

73. The English Bill of Rights …………………. of the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

1) grows out 2) grew out 3) has grown out 4) had grown out

74. Young offenders…………….. to be training under a supervisor.

1) had been seen 2) will be seen 3) were seen 4) are seen

75. Benjamin Franklin was the oldest man……………………the Constitution.

1) to have signed 2) to be signed 3) to sign 4) to be signing

76. As soon as the trial…………….. over, the court workers will leave for their homes.

1) is 2) are 3 )was 4) has been

77. A second fundamental principle of our constitution …….traditionally………….. the supremacy of Parliament.

1) had been 2) have been 3) is been 4) has been

78. This shoplifter………………to penetrate into the supermarket last evening.

1) has been seen 2) was seen 3) had been seen 4) is seen

79. Montesquieu’s theory ………………seen as prescriptive rather than descriptive.

1) an’t 2) have to be 3) should to be 4) must be

80. Many presidents ……………….important policies blocked by the Congress.

1) had had 2) have had 3) has had 4) are having

81.The data of previous trial.…………….to be wrong.

1) proves 2) have proved 3) had proved 4)proved

82. A court ……………… follow the rules of precedent.

1) may 2) can’t 3) should 4) must to

83. If you ……….. me the criminal code yesterday I would have found this article for you.

1) have brought 2) has brought 3) had brought 4) brought

84. A judicial officer ……………………. to try minor civil and criminal cases.

1) is entitled 2) entitled 3) has entitled 4) had entitled

85. In some states he ……………………. a county attorney or county prosecutor.

1) was being called 2) is called 3) called 4) have been called

86.Congress ……. the death penalty for American soldiers who supported King George III.

1) has authorised 2) had authorised 3) authorized 4) authorizes

87. The case ………………….heard in court next week.

1) has been 2) had been 3) be 4) will be

88. If the sentence of the judge had been appropriate they……………to the higher court .

1) didn’t appeal 2) hadn’t appealed 3) wouldn’t have appealed 4) appealed

89. The accused is entitled …………………………by a counsel.

1) to have defend 2) to be defended 3) to have been defended 4) to defend

90. After the inquest is completed, the jurors selected to try the case………………….

1) are sworn 2) were sworn 3) sworn 4) will be sworn

91. In recent times lawyers ……………efforts to make their profession less mysterious.

1) had made 2) has made 3) are made 4) have made

92. Their job ………………… to clarify matters for the public.

1) was being supposed 2) will have supposed 3) is supposed 4) are supposed

93. At this moment the government………………….various proposals from companies.

1) was discussing 2) are discussing 3) has been discussing 4) will be discussing

94. If the jury returns the verdict of guilty, sentence……………….. by the judge.

1) is pronounced 2) was pronounced 3) will be pronounced 4) had pronounced

95. Only Catholic ……………………….succeed the throne.

1) have 2) could 3) were able 4) need

96. Parliament proclaimed William and Mary king and queen of England and after that they …………………….the Declaration of Rights.

1) adopt 2) adopted 3) have adopted 4) were adopted

97. If he ……………….not guilty, a jury of 12 persons must be formed to attend the court.

1) had pleaded 2) pleads 3) plead 4) is pleading

98. Magistrate courts ………………… to handle the large number of cases.

1) had been established 2) established 3) have been established 4) establishes

99. The fingerprint evidence …………………………in a petty theft case in 1905.

1) is introduced 2) was introduced 3) has been introduced 4) introduces

100. In a civil matter the defendant is the party who ……………sued .

1) was being 2) will be being 3) are being 4) is

101. A lot of police officers want to discuss this case including detective Johnson who ……….. with his inexperienced assistant.

1) is arrived 2) has arrived 3) had arrived 4) arriving 5) arrive

102. They are still discussing how the case should progress in view of the statements which …………. .

1) have been received 2) had been received 3) was received 4) have received 5) has been received

103. No one will be able to steal the jewels unless they …………. the secret code.

1) don’t know 2) know 3) haven’t known 4) had known 5) didn’t know

104. Even though he objected to violence, he was made ……….. in the army.

1) serve 2) serving 3) to serve 4) be serving 5) to have served

105. It is high time the judge ………… his decision.

1) has made 2) made 3) had made 4) to make 5) to have made

106. Great Britain is known to be a member of the European Union and ……. a great contribution to its development.

1) make 2) is making 3) makes 4) had made 5) made

107. It was under inauspicious circumstances that the Constitution of the United States …… .

1) have been drawn up 2) has been drawn up 3) is drawn up

4) was drawn up 5) would draw up

108. The Constitution ……………… 26 times since 1789, and it is likely to be further revised in the future.

1) was amended 2) has been amended 3) had been amended 4) is amended 5) was being amended

109. According to the Constitution of the USA any candidate can be elected President without …………. a majority of the popular vote.

1) has been received 2) to receive 3) had been received 4) received 5) being received

110. Elections ……………last month returned the Republicans to power.

1) holding 2) to be held 3) held 4) being hold 5) has been held

111. The accuser’s neighbour complained that the offender …………… insults at him, and a charge was laid.

1) shouted 2) had shouted 3) has shouted 4) shouts 5) was shouted

112. Statutes may also clarify an area of law that ………… unclear by the case law.

1) have been left 2) were left 3) had been left 4) has been left 5) are left

113. Statutes often need interpreting and these interpretations …………. to the statutes in turn become part of the law.

1) giving 2) given 3) having given 4) has been given 5) had been given

114. Gradually, it became the practice of the judges to follow decisions made in earlier cases if the same or similar facts ……….. .

1) have been involved 2) has been involved 3) would be involved 4) were involved 5) will have been involved

115. A person cannot be denied life, liberty, or security of the person unless the principles of fundamental justice ……….. .

1) aren’t followed 2) haven’t been followed 3) are followed 4) had been followed 5) will be followed

116. In most cases community treatment involves …………….. the child on probation.

1) being placed 2) placing 3) having been placed 4) to be placed 5) to be placing

117. There should be no sanction without breach meaning that nobody should be punished by the state unless they ………… a law.

1) didn’t break 2) hadn’t broken 3) broke 4) would break 5) wouldn’t break

118. A judge must follow decisions ……………… in courts which are higher up the hierarchy than his or her own.

1) to make 2) made 3) making 4) to be making 5) make

119. Since the middle years of the twentieth century, the police in Britain ………. much of their positive image.

1) had lost 2) has lost 3) have lost 4) lost 5) were losing

120. The police declined to criticize the guard’s actions noting that he could have been killed if the robbers ……….. him.

1) saw 2) would see 3) would have seen 4) had seen 5) will see

121. A person who does not disclose that an offence …………… in his or her presence or who does not assist in committing a crime, is not an accomplice.

1) has committed 2) has been committed 3) was committing 4) is committing 5) will commit

122 Although he was a very experienced lawyer, he seemed ……………. a great mistake at the last trial.

1) have made 2) to make 3) to have made 4) made 5) making

123. Before ………….. the preliminary inquiries the accused has a right to present evidence and to make a statement on his own behalf.

1) helding 2) having held 3) holding 4) hold 5) to hold

124. After …. guilty, he appealed the decision of the court to the province’s Court of Appeal.

1) finding 2) being found 3) having found 4) being founded 5) to find

125. Once the court …………… the evidence and statements, it will decide whether to convict the accused or dismiss the information.

1) had heard 2) has been heard 3) has heard 4) had been heard 5) would hear

126. The court has ………. a decision whether the public interests require a prosecution.

1) to make 2) to be making 3) to have made 4) to be made 5) making

127. The Speaker believes that the Parliament doesn’t submit bills concerning human rights, for consideration today unless they ………. by international specialists.

1) haven’t been examined 2) were not examined 3) have been examined 4) will be examined 5) are not examined

128. Ukraine was among the first twenty states …………the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

1) ratifying 2) to ratify 3) having been ratified 4) ratified 5) ratifies

129. A new court system of general and specialized jurisdiction is ………..within five tears.

1) to form 2) forming 3) to be formed 4) to be forming 5) to have formed

130. Women often suffer economic and social inequality either doing less well-paid work than men or ………. less for doing the same work.

1) paying 2) being paid 3) have paid 4) pay 5) having paid

131. If he had had no idea that he was delivering drugs, he …… innocent of any wrongdoing.

1) would be 2) had been 3) would have been 4) was 5) will be

132. There are court decisions which ……………that a person can be reckless even though he or she did not foresee the possibility of a harmful consequence.

1) had said 2) has said 3) says 4) have said 5) being said

133. When they came back, their friend…………. up by the police for being drunk in public.

1) would be picked 2) is picked 3) had been picked 4) has been picked 5) will be picked

134. In all serious cases, arrested persons are photographed and fingerprinted before …... .

1) having charged 2) being charged 3) be charged 4) to charge 5) is charged

135. All accused persons have the right to defend themselves in court but in serious cases most prefer …………. by a legal practitioner.

1) to be represented 2) to represent 3) having been represented 4) to have represented 5) to be representing

136. He can’t ……………….. this crime, he was in prison at that time.

1) to have committed 2) commit 3) have committed 4) be committing 5) has committed

137. The police asked me to help them identify some thieves. They thought I had seen them …………… the bank.

1) to rob 2) rob 3) being robbed 4) having robbed 5) robbed

138. The jurors had been considering this matter for three hours before they ……….to this decision.

1) come 2) has come 3) came 4) have come 5) coming

139. She saw that sending to prison for five years ………… him nothing.

1) had taught 2) was taught 3) has taught 4) teaches 5) was teaching

140. This decision is made on the recommendation of the officer in charge of the case after charges….…. .

1) have been made 2) will be made 3) would be made 4) had been made 5) made

141. The USA is known ………….. one of the most democratic societies in the world.

1) being established 2) to establish 3) to have established 4) to be established 5) to have been established

142. The new law provided new rights to people and ………. on the laws of the European Union.

1) were based 2) was based 3) has been based 4) have been based 5) are based

143. If he hadn’t given evidence then, the police ……………… this dangerous criminal.

1) wouldn’t arrest 2) wouldn’t be arresting 3) wouldn’t have arrested 4) won’t arrest 5) wouldn’t has arrested

144. When the police examined the house they found that the lock ………… .

1) was broken 2) has been broken 3) had been broken 4) is broken 5) be broken

145. Attempts have been made to codify Ukrainian law but so far there ………. little progress.

1) have been 2) is 3) was 4) has been 5) had been

146. Every labor function has its own distinctions and this …….. legally in the labor contract.

1) is being reflected 2) reflects 3) is reflected 4) reflected 5) has reflected

147. The lawyer thought that his client should sue the police because he ……… without any evidence.

1) has been accused 2) had been accused 3) has accused 4) accuses 5) is being accused

148. Until recently, members of the parliament …………… on a single-member constituency, the system similar to those of Britain and the USA.

1) is elected 2) are being elected 3) have been elected 4) was elected 5) had been elected

149. The American people may adopt an entirely new Constitution by ………. a new constitutional Convention.

1) being called 2) having called 3) calling 4) having been called 5) calls

150. Without his help, the police might not ……………. this criminal.

1) have arrested 2) has arrested 3) arrests 4) had arrested 5) be arrested

151. When initially detained he …………………. on bail yesterday.

1) is released 2) was released 3)was being released 4)had been released 5) has been released

152. The prosecutor…………to this trial with Mr. Willis.

1) is satisfied to be 2)was satisfied to have been 3)is satisfied to have been 4) was satisfied to be 5) has been satisfied to be

153. ..……beforehand, he did not commit a crime.

1) being cautioned 2) having been cautioned 3) cautioned 4) having cautioned 5) to be cautioned

154. Some countries have laws that suspend rape sentences if the perpetrator …. the victim.

1) have married 2) has married 3) had married 4) marries 5) have had married

155. My friend said we ……………………to win the next trial.

1) could be 2) can be 3) will be able 4) are able 5) would be able

156. The young smuggler………………to court.

1) was said/to be brought 2) is said/to have been brought 3) had been said/ to be brought 4) has been said/to have been brought 5) were said/to have been brought

157. ……… practical results the criminologist proved the method of investigation to be correct.

1) achieved 2) achieving 3)being achieved 4) having achieved 5) having been achieved

158. If we were rich we …………… to help those poor people in the law case.

1) would have offered 2) would offer 3) offered 4) offer 5) had offered

159.Authorities in New Mexico………… to admit they ………to death four white men who were innocent.

1) had been forced/have sentenced 2) was forced/has sentenced 3) were forced/had sentenced 4) are forced/sentenced 5) were being forced

160.This investigator …………………to have completed his job before he left.

1) must 2) should 3) has 4) ought 5) is

161.They considered that law…………………………in that country.

1) abolish 2) to have been abolished 3) to have abolished 4) to be abolished 5) abolished

162. ……………………… the offender the officer cautioned him not to drive too fast.

1) having released 2) releasing 3) to release 4) to have released 5) being released

163. The Crown Prosecution……………. in England and Wales by the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985.

1) is established 2) has been established 3) had been established 4) being established 5) was established

164. If the detective found the trace of the suspect he……….about it to the police station.

1) would have informed 2) would be informed 3) would be informed 4) informed 5) would inform

165. The option contract ………………….. the holder of the option the right to buy or to sell a specified quantity of a specific security at a stated price.

1) is given 2) give 3) would give 4) should give 5) had given

166. ………………………… crimes the police performs its main function.

1) being prevented 2) having prevented 3) to prevent 4) preventing 5) prevented

167. Charter ……………………….by later English Kings.

1) has been confirmed 2) had been confirmed 3) confirmed 4) was confirmed 5) were confirmed

168. If there are no near relatives the surviving spouse ……….. the whole estate.

1) will get 2) would get 3) gets 4) got 5) would have got

169. A local authority………….responsible for deciding where the child should be accommodated.

1) was known/to be 2) is known/to have been 3) is known/to have been 4) known/to be 5) is known/to be

170. They said the lady ………………… in prison which simply wasn’t true.

1) has been 2) was 3) have been 4) had been 5) hasn’t been

171. …………………………… of an offence he was detained.

1) having suspected 2) having been suspected 3) be suspected 4) suspected 5) being suspected

172. The first defendant who was from the London area, ……………. the correct answer.

1) hasn’t given 2) hadn’t given 3) didn’t give 4) won’t give 5) doesn’t give

173. The prosecutor is satisfied ……………… in this case with Mr. Huge for two months.

1) to be working 2) were working 3) was working 4) to have been working 5) being working

174. The principal offender ……………………….. to shoot him if he did not help him lure the victim into meeting them in the victim’s apartment lobby.

1) has threatened 2) threatened 3) be threatened 4) had threatened 5) threatens

175. Under a supervision order a child………….. with directions made by the court itself.

1) was required/to be complied 2) has been required/to comply 3) had been required/to have complied 4) being required/to comply 5) is required/ to comply

176. The European Convention on Human Rights………..first ……………in 1950.

1) has been/adopted 2) is/adopted 3) had/adopted 4) was adopted 5) had been/adopted

177. The defendant appears……………………………………….for a long time.

1) to have been waiting 2) to be waiting 3) to wait 4) being wait 5) waiting

178. ……………………………………. scientific aids, he made a great discovery soon.

1) rendered 2) being rendered 3) having rendered 4) rendering 5) having been rendered

179. If bail…………………, the defendant may apply to a High Court judge or to the Crown Court for bail.

1) was refused 2) has been refused 3) is refused 4) had been refused 5) refused

180. The juvenile court wants this child …………………………a guardian.

1) to be 2) to have been 3) to have had been 4) having 5) to have

181. The chief of the police station said nothing about Mr. Bell whom he………….. .

1) has replaced 2) replaced 3) had replaced 4) had been replacing 5) has been replacing

182. The court allowed him …………………… at home.

1) to have remained 2) to be remained 3) to remain 4) being remained 5) to have been remained

183. The judge told us what crime the offender ……………….. guilty of, if the evidence supplied by the prosecution was true.

1) would have been 2) would be 3) would 4) will be 5) wouldn’t be

184. When ……………….…………… from the Lords the Bill may well have been altered.

1) having emerged 2) emerged 3) had emerged 4) emerging 5) emerge

185. The verdict of “Not guilty” on all charges ……………………… by the jury.

1) had been brought 2) brought 3) being brought 4) will be brought 5) has been brought

186. The attorney is satisfied …………………… this case with his assistants since spring.

1) to be investigating 2) investigating 3) to investigate 4) to have been investigating 5) investigate

187. The policeman……………………… him a fine for parking in a wrong place.

1) had charged 2) is charged 3) charged 4) have charged 5) had been charged

188. If the lawyers-probators ………………… already we’ll give them something else to do.

1) had finished 2) have finished 3) has finished 4) finished 5) finish

189. We are concerned about people ………………… in prison without a trial.

1) being held 2) having been held 3) held 4) holding 5) be held

190. He put off ……………………….decision till he had more information.

1) having made 2) having been made 3) being made 4) making 5) to make

191. If he finds the grounds established, the sheriff ……. the case to the reporter to arrange a hearing.

1) remits 2) remitted 3) will remit 4) would have remitted 5)would remit

192. Our boss was fined for ………………………………. in charge of a car.

1) having drunk 2) being drunk 3) drunking 4) having been drunk 5) drunks

193. The common law offences ……………………………………………….by 1986.

1) has been codified 2) had been codified 3) being codified 4) will have been codified 5.codified

194. A local authority prefers the child ……………………….. at home under supervision or place him/her with foster parents.

1) to have remained 2) to have been remained 3) to remain 4) to be remained 5) remained

195. The accused was satisfied …………………………………….. by a lawyer to ensure a properly prepared defense in court.

1) to have visited 2) to visit 3) be visited 4) to have been visited 5) visited

196. …………………………..... he was released on bail in the interests of the investigation.

1) be questioned 2) having been questioned 3) questioning 4) to have been questioned 5) to be questioned

197. We are concerned about people …………………………………………. in prison.

1) having been held 2) having held 3) hold 4) holding 5) being held

198. The offences……….. just……………………. by the police service in London.

1) had been classified 2) has been classified 3) classified 4) have been classified 5) would be classified

199. The Government and Parliament encourage and ……… the development of crime prevention schemes.

1) encourage 2) encourages 3) will encourage 4) would encourage 5) is encouraging

200. If evidence is improperly admitted a conviction ………… be quashed on appeal.

1) be able to 2) would be 3) can 4) will be able 5) would be able

IV. Find the proper Ukrainian equivalent to the underlined law term(s).

1. Parliament can enact any law it chooses, or repeal obsolete laws which are any longer relevant and the courts must enforce it, though exception to this is EU law (скасувати застарілі закони).

2. Since 1986 with the passage of the Money Laundering Control Act, organized crime members have been charged and convicted of tax evasion and money laundering (ухилення від сплати податків).

3. Since the adoption of the Act of Independence of Ukraine (1991), much has been done concerning human rights and in particular for the implementation of international human rights norms in Ukrainian legislation (введення).

4. Maintaining and upbringing orphans and children deprived of parental care shall be imposed on the state (позбавлені батьківської опіки).

5. If a person dies under unusual circumstances, an inquest is held at a special court and the judge is called a coroner (слідчий з випадків насильницької смерті).

6. People respected George Washington, because he was an honest man and he turned out to be one of the greatest military leaders (поважати).

7. Every person has the right to protect his life and the lives of other persons from unlawful infringements (протиправні посягання).

8. Before World War II, Japan also had a jury system, but it was often criticised for the ease with which jurors could be bribed (могли би бути підкупленими).

9. In China, law courts are still primarily regarded as political instruments used both to control thefts and violence and to deal with political opponents (контролювати злодійство і насильство).

10. We have to check whether applicants have a criminal record and whether there is enough evidence to start criminal proceedings against them (мати попередню судимість).

11. Germany has discontinued its jury system recently, replacing it with a system of lay assessors sitting together with professional judges (припинила).

12. Committees of ten requires that all motions to amend a bill be tabled in advance (всі пропозиції).

13. In England an offence may be charged either on indictment or in a summary court (обвинувальний акт).

14. Affidavits are widely used in preliminary legal proceedings (письмові свідчення в суді).

15. Justice is often represented as a woman with her eyes covered, holding a sword in one hand and a pair of scales in the other (правосуддя).

16. Scotland has its own legal system but it also uses an adversarial system of legal procedure (чужа система).

17. The Sixth Amendment guarantees an accused person the right to trial before an impartial jury (неупереджене журі присяжних).

18. The level of the fine depends on the circumstances of the case (умови справи).

19. Putting these young men into prison alongside hardened criminals is the surest way to make them reoffend (закоренілі злочинці).

20. The number of muggings has been reduced in this area (вуличний грабіж).

21. The governments are determined to combat international terrorism (по боротьбі з).

22. The police are often called to settle quarrels, find lost people and aid accident victims (допомагати жертвам нещасних випадків).

23. The thieves were informed to have been caught red-handed (бути спійманим на місці злочину).

24. Over fifteen million people have fled from their own countries because of human rights abuses, political pressure and economical hardships (втікати зі своїх країн).

25. The League of Nations is considered to be the forerunner of the United Nations (попередник).

26. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional hereditary monarchy (спадковий).

27. In addition to the rule of law, sovereignty of Parliament forms the second pillar of the British constitution (верховенство закону).

28. Laws can be rejected, repealed or passed by a simple majority (відхилено,скасовано або пройшло).

29. The Smiths stated that they were going to settle the dispute (вирішити суперечку).

30. In the 6th century a commission consolidated all sources of law including the opinions of great legal scholars (зводити).

31. The Bill of Rights established authority of Parliament over the King (повноваження влади).

32. He was urgently summoned to Washington for consultations (викликаний).

33. The case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount (була врегульована судом).

34. Those arrested have been charged with public order offences (порушення громадського правопорядку).

35. Attempts by governments to persuade people to wear seat belts and to refrain from drinking alcohol whilst driving have had limited success (переконати людей).

36. Neglect cases involve children whose parents do not or cannot care for them properly(справи по недогляду) .

37. The most important reason for punishing young offenders is to deter them from committing more crimes (утримувати).

38. The suspected, the accused and the defendants have the right to legal counsel (право на адвоката).

39. Any violence or exploitation of a child shall be prosecuted by law (буде покарана законом).

40. Citizens have the right to participate in the administration of state affairs (управління).

41. All acts must be submitted to both Houses of Parliament in the draft form of a Bill (форма законопроекту).

42. The courts should be independent of the executive and the legislature so that the judges can ensure that these bodies do not exercise their powers arbitrarily (довільно).

43. Some states in the USA have areas of law that have been comprehensively codified (повністю кодифіковані).

44. The lawmakers of new nations sometimes wanted to show that the legal rights of their citizens originated in the state, not in local customs (походити з держави).

45. Children under ten cannot stand trial at all under English law (віддавати під суд).

46. The accused person has the right to claim a jury trial if he/she is charged with any offence punishable by imprisonment (вимагати).

47. The law of New Zealand consists of the common law, statute law, enacted by the New Zealand Parliament, a number of United Kingdom laws, regulations, by-laws and other forms of subordinate legislation (правила,підзаконні акти).

48. In England minor cases are dealt with summarily by magistrates’ courts presided over by justices of the Peace (прискорений порядок).

49. The inferior courts in the federal system have somewhat less political importance, since their principal duty is to settle routine cases where no constitutional question is at stake (нижчестоящі суди).

50. Ukrainian labour legislation adopted a more logical and civilised procedure of the settlement of individual labour disputes (вирішення спорів).

51. The European Parliament has 20 standing committees, each specializing in a particular field, such as the environment, transport, industry or the budget (постійний).

52. The European Parliament strongly condemns the use of the death penalty in all cases and under all circumstances (строго засуджує).

53. In Europe and the world, Parliament acts to uphold human rights, freedoms and democracy (відстоювати).

54. Each spring the Comission submits a preliminary draft budget for the following year (подавати на розгляд).

55. The ombudsman is empowered to receive complaints concerning maladministration by Community institutions or bodies from any EU citizen or any individual residing in a member state (погане управління).

56. The European Parliament has enhanced the rights of air and rail passengers, not least for the elderly and for people with reduced mobility, who can now obtain assistance (розширювати права).

57. The Ombudsman tries to find amicable solutions with the institution or body concerned (знайти взаємоприйнятні рішення).

58. MPs took the view that economic, trade and financial benefits should contribute to respect for fundamental rights in the countries concerned (члени парламенту).

59. Parliament has dedicated itself to several great international causes such as abolition of death penalty, combating hunger in the world and the international campaign against impunity (з безкарністю).

60. Parliament provided steady support for the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1998; its task is to pass judgements on the perpetrators of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes (рішення щодо винуватців геноциду).

61. The European Parliament is actively involved in the EU’s election observation missions to third countries to monitor whether voting procedures comply with international standards (процедура голосування погоджена з міжнародними стандартами).

62. Some police officers are assigned to gather intelligence about the activities of suspected criminals (відомості про злочинців).

63. Officers in the juvenile division of a police department handle cases involving youth accused of breaking the law (займатися судовими справами).

64. The head of the investigating committee mounted the investigation (розпочав розслідування).

65. The judge ordered the sequestration of the union’s funds (конфіскація майна).

66. After all, police had to make a warrantless arrest (безпідставний арешт).

67. The names of possible jurors are selected by the court from such sources as tax rolls, voting lists and telephone directories (списки податків,списки голосування,данні телефонів).

68. On the 30^th of November they served a summons on him and his elder sister (прислати судову повістку).

69. The federal courts are often called the guardians of the Constitution because their rulings protect rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution (охоронці Конституції).

70. The making of a contract requires the mutual agreement (взаємна згода) .

71. The notary is the author of the document and therefore he is responsible for its consistency with the law (його сумісність з законом).

72. Everyone has the right to own, use and dispose of his or her property, and the results of his or her intellectual or creative activity (володіти,користуватися і розпоряджатися).

73. A lawyer has several loyalties in his work: to his clients, to the administration of justice, to the community, to his co-workers and to himself (декілька обов’язків).

74. The rule of law may best be grasped by contrasting it with opposite, i.e. arbitrary use of authority against any person or property (верховенство закону).

75. The tasks of making laws, administering justice, governing and defending the country are carried out in the Queen’s name (управління правосуддям).

76. In 1982, when the Constitution was repatriated, an important addition was made to it: the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (була повернена).

77. Today most prosecutions are undertaken by Crown attorneys, who are the agents of the federal Attorney General (більшість судових обвинувачень).

78. The Speaker of the House of Commons only votes in case of a tie and can vote to support or defeat the issue put on vote (при рівності голосів).

79. The police want tougher laws to strengthen their power against traffickers (жорсткі закони).

80. Punishment in the form of property confiscation shall consist in compulsory seizure into the ownership of the state of all or part of the property owned by the convicted person (обов’язкова конфіскація).

81. Affray may be committed in private as well as in public places (бійка).

82. The features of a crime are: its social danger, criminal unlawfulness, culpability and punishability (винність).

83. The High Court dismissed appeals against the judgements at the first instance (відхилення апеляції).

84. The parties also have a right to a certain number of challenges for which no cause is necessary (проблеми).

85. Officers, protesting the bribe system, have been fired, transferred and reprimanded (звільнення,переведення і догана).

86. International attempts to curb police corruption around the world received a boost when in 1979 the United Nations drafted the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials (підвищення).

87. Loot in the oldest sence is reffered to goods seizure specifically in war, especially goods of great value (захоплення).

88. Criminal codes of different countries vary with regard to specific penalties that may be imposed for crimes (особливі покарання).

89. He was sentenced to 36 months’ imprisonment, part of which was suspended (був відкладений).

90. Probation and parole frequently depend on the availability of a job (умовне).

91. Nowadays, international organizations which are to promote human rights, are against capital punishment (сприяння правам людини).

92. Two grades of treason existed in Early english law: high treason, directed against the Crown, and petty treason, which consisted of a crime against a subject, such as wife killing her husband, or a servant murdering his master (державна зрада).

93. In colonial days the penalty for conviction of treason followed the English law, providing for attainder, forfeiture or loss of property and the loss of all the rights of inheritance (забезпечити для).

94. 94) Punishment often left physical marks on the condemned (засуджений).

95. Burglars, for the first offence were to be branded on the forehead with the letter B, for the second offence, whipped in public (покарані).

96. In England death was a possible punishment for many thieves, in Massachussets only for repeaters (рецедивісти).

97. A system of criminal justice had to distribute powers among judges, jurors, legislators (розподіляти владу).

98. The governor in some states pardoned with a lavish hand (помилуваний щедрою рукою).

99. In medieval times, a killer animal was put on trial for similar “crimes”, and the animals who got in trouble the most were pigs (був відданий під суд).

100. Even special programs for children are full of gunfights, murders and scene of violence so it’s no surprising that juvenile crime record is constantly growing (рівень злочинності неповнолітніх).

101. Terrorism means the use of threat of action if this action may influence the government or intimidate the public for political, religious or ideological reasons (залякувати).

102. An organisation is concerned in terrorism if it promotes or encourages terrorism (сприяє або заохочує).

103. Domestic violence occurs in all cultures, people of all races, sexes and classes can be perpetrators of domestic violence (винуватцями домашнього насильства).

104. If a state fails to prevent and investigate acts of violence against women, then it shares responsibility for the abuses (розділяти відповідальність).

105. International human rights law bans discrimination and violence against women (забороняє).

106. Community mustn’t ignore impunity of domestic tyrants (безкарно).

107. One of the oldest ways of detecting criminal activity is through surveillance (нагляд).

108. Informants are the source of much useful information in investigations: they must be citizens motivated by civil duty (інформатори).

109. Business and public records are consulted by investigators to locate wanted or missing persons (розшукувані або зниклі особи).

110. Firstly, anti-corruption laws should be updated; secondly, the national program should include measures to fight economic and social corruption (оновлені).

111. Fraud has existed perhaps long or longer than money (шахрайство).

112. Organized crime constitutes nothing less than guerilla war against society (Lyndon Gonson) (партизанська війна).

113. The judges are independent of the government and people appearing before them; this allows them to make impartial decisions (неупереджені рішення).

114. Magna Carta required king John of England to proclaim certain rights (mainly of his barons), respect certain legal procedures and accept that his will could be bound by law (обов’язок на виконання по закону).

115. Magna Carta was confirmed by later English kings (був утверджений).

116. The Bill prohibited the monarch from levying taxes or customs duties without Parliaments consent (стягування податків).

117. In most countries, the procedure of habeas corpus can be suspended in time of national emergency (під час надзвичайної ситуації).

118. The House of Lords should not reject a budget passed by the House of Commons (відхиляти).

119. The monarch abstains from attending cabinet meetings (утримуватись).

120. The real importance of the rule of law today lies in the basic idea that the state should use its power according to agreed rules and not arbitrarily (верховенство закону).

121. The text of the US Constitution doesn’t specify who has the right to vote (не зазначено).

122. After all the evidence has been presented, the two counsels sum up the case making comment on it (два адвокати).

123. In a civil trial the jury is empowered to set the amount of damages (встановити міру відшкодування).

124. A few states require blood tests, and still other states have a short waiting period (1-3 days) before the couple can wed (могти одружитись).

125. Horrified members of the public who witnessed a fatal road traffic grabbed the driver as he tried to flee the scene (втекти з місця події).

126. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder (запобігання злочинам та заворушенням).

127. During the Tudor period, to control the growing vagrancy problem, the idle people were put into “Houses of Corrections” and punished for their laziness (проблема бродяжництва).

128. Similar cases must be treated similarly if the justice is to be achieved (правосуддя).

129. In 1219 Henry III issued instructions to his justices on how to handle criminal cases (вести кримінальні справи).

130. How are miscarriages of justice dealt with in England and Wales? (судові помилки)

131. The Scottish Parliament can amend the Acts of the UK Parliament (можна внести поправку).

132. We have to check whether applicants have a criminal record (попередня судимість).

133. The Queen carries out and legitimises acts of the state (узаконювати).

134. Substantive law determines a wide variety of matters – for example, what is required to form a contract, what is the difference between larceny and robbery etc (матеріальне право).

135. Some Commonwealth countries, notably India, have enacted criminal codes that are based on English common law of crimes (вводити в дію).

136. The First Protocol provides that “every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possession” (фізична особа).

137. In Roman law the notarius was originally a slave who took notes of judicial proceedings (судових процедур).

138. The notary is qualified as a public official, because the state delegates to him the powers of a public certification (посадова особа).

139. Everyone has the right to own, use or dispose of his or her property, and the results of his or her intellectual activity (розпорядження).

140. In order to satisfy their needs, citizens may use the objects of the right of state and communal property in accordance with the law (задовільнити їхні потреби).

141. Judges rest their judgements upon the general principles enshrined in case law as a whole (закріплені).

142. Common law rights, powers, remedies, crimes are frequently distinguished from statutory right, powers, remedies, crimes (влади,засоби правового захисту).

143. The monarchy is the most ancient secular institution in the United Kingdom, with a continuous history stretching back over a thousand years (світські установи).

144. Queen Elizabeth II, who secceeded to the throne in 1952 is the head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Crown (посіла).

145. Monarch confers honours and make appoinments to all important offices of the state (наділяється почестями).

146. The Privy Council is the body on whose advice and through which the Monarch exercises most statutory and many prerogative powers (первинна влада).

147. There are about 330 members of the Privy Council, which, however, only meets as a full body on the death of the Monarch (таємна рада).

148. The Home Secretary is concerned with the prevention of criminal offences, the apprehension trial and treatment of offenders, and with the prison service (міністр внутрішніх справ).

149. British citizenship can be gained by birth, adoption, registration or naturalization (за народженням,усиновленням).

150. To be a genuine convention, a rule or principle must be regarded as binding (обов’язковим).

151. Counsel for the defence alleged that the defendant had acted in self-defence (адвокат зі сторони захисту).

152. One of the issues which particularly concerns Greenpeace is the damage to the environment caused by the use of nuclear bombs in experimental tests (шкода навколишньому серидовищу).

153. A bilateral treaty is a binding international agreement in writing between two states (двосторонній договір).

154. The defendant’s father was charged with bribery and corruption for trying to influence the judge by offering him a large sum of money (хабарництво і корупція).

155. The majority in this court took the view that there was no ambiguity about the words of the Equal Pay Act, 1940 (двозначність).

156. In cases of conflict, EC law prevails over national law (переважає над).

157. Poor people in England are entitled to free legal advice and help called “Legal aid” (безкоштовна правова допомога).

158. Policies are carried out by government departments staffed by politically neutral civil servants (цивільна служба).

159. These codes cover the powers to stop and search persons or vehicles, searching of premises and seizure of property etc. (накладення арешту на майно)

160. The UK is also a signatory of the European Convention of Human rights and this has been incorporated into UK law (сторона,що підписала документ).

161. All acts must be submitted to both Houses of Parliament in the draft form of a Bill (повинні бути подані).

162. In March 1995, the central government suspended the Crimean Constitution following a year of political instability caused by attempts of local politicians to develop a foreign policy independent of Kyiv (призупинив).

163. The Geneva agreements are a balance of both committments and interests (зобов’язання).

164. When one government wishes to accredit an ambassador or a minister to another government, it is necessary that the appointee should be approved by the government of the country to which he is being assigned (призначувана особа).

165. Every human being has the inherent right to life (невід’ємне право на життя).

166. The recognition of a child as a full-fledged personality is the result of gradual formation of humanistic ideas in society (повністю сформована особистість).

167. The child’s right to freedom of residence is realized depending on the age criterion (свобода житла).

168. The statictics shows that there are a lot of children deprived of the proper parental care in Ukraine (позбавлені батьківської опіки).

169. The Convention defines a stateless person as one who is not considered as a national by any state (особа без громадянства).

170. Citizenship imposed against the will of individuals can result in abuse (зловживання).

171. A number of bystanders watched the robbers speed off in a stolen car (випадковий свідок).

172. To take someone to court means to prosecute someone (обвинувачувати).

173. The conviction of a number of senior executives has left the whole business community in shock (чільний посадовець).

174. Fraud has a big impact on older people, as they sometimes loose their life savings (шахрайство).

175. He was charged with a breach of currency regulations (правила обмінних операцій).

176. Drug addiction is no excuse for holding up a petrol station (пограбування).

177. The suspect couldn’t commit the crime himself, he must have had an accomplice (співучасник).

178. The jury found her guilty of all charges (в усіх звинуваченнях).

179. Some countries have such strict laws that people protest against them (суворі закони).

180. The bank at the end of the street was held up by two masked men last week (був пограбований).

181. Anti-social behaviour adversely affects the communities we live in (негативно впливає).

182. This gang has been wanted by the police for about three years (був розшукуваний).

183. Probation allows a convicted person to remain at large, with his sentence suspended as long as he behaves lawfully (на свободі).

184. In the Uk typical civil disputes are those between employees and employers (робітники і роботодавці).

185. Most people are released on bail after being charged with an offence (звільнений під заставу).

186. The verdict of a jury should be unanimous, though sometimes a majority verdict is acceptable (одностайний).

187. Unless the police obtain special permission, they are not allowed to detain a person for more than twenty four hours (затримувати).

188. A convicted person may appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal in London either to have the conviction quashed or to have the sentence reduced (зменшити викуп).

189. There is no death penalty in Britain, except for high treason (державна зрада).

190. Maintaining and upbringing orphans and children deprived of parental care shall be imposed on the state (утримування і виховання сиріт).

191. Germany has discontinuated its jury system recently, replacing it with a system of lay assessors sitting together with professional judges (народні засідателі).

192. The thieves were informed to have been caught in the act (спійманий на гарячому)

193. A person, whose copyright is infringed, is entitled to damages as compensation for infringement (уповноважений на відшкодування збитків).

194. In recent years, legal philosophers have begun to study tort law (деліктне право).

195. Parents have a right to be given notice as soon as possible that their child has been detained pending court appearence (право бути повідомленим).

196. Parliament passes Acts or statutes which prohibit, regulate, authorise, delegate or ratify a very broad range of activities (прийняв).

197. In England, the ultimate legislator is Parliament (законодавець найвищої інстанції).

198. Nobody is above the law; public authorities can be successfully sued in the civil courts (органи державної влади).

199. Minutes are the records of what takes place in court (хвилини).

200. A subpoena is a command that a person appear in court to testify, and it is issued by the clerk under the seal of the court and served by the marshal (повістка до суду).

V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.

1. Every citizen has the right to an equal __________ before the law.

2. People with low incomes receive help from various legal aid schemes to __________ the costs of the lawyer.

3. Strict rules exist to protect suspects against any ________ by the authorities.

4. An arrested person has the right to consult a _______ in England and Wales.

5. An accused person is regarded as ________ until proved guilty.

6. A conviction can be ______on appeal if the evidence is improperly presented in court.

7. Typical _____ disputes are those between tenants and landlords or those between employees and employers.

8. Nobody is above the law; public authorities can be successfully _____ in the civil courts.

9. In England and Wales an arrested person cannot be _______ in police custody beyond 36 hours without a warrant being obtained from a lay justice.

10. The police must _______ a suspect before any questions are put for the purpose of obtaining evidence.

11. Police are strictly forbidden to use _______ to obtain answers from suspects.

12. Most people are released on bail after being __________ with an offence.

13. The prosecution and the defence may ______ individual jurors on grounds of possible bias.

14. An accused person is regarded as innocent until proved _______.

15. Anyone convicted by a court has the right of _______ to higher courts against conviction or sentence.

16. An accused person is regarded as ______ until proved guilty.

17. Anyone ______ with an offence has the right to legal representation in court.

18. The defence has the right to the last speech at a ____ trial before the judge sums up.

19. In the UK typical civil disputes are those between tenants and landlords or those between employees and ________.

20. England and Wales are known to have _____ many laws and legal principles that originated eight centuries ago.

21. A court must be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that a defendant has committed the crime before reaching a ‘_______’ verdict.

22. Most people are released on ______ after being charged with an offence.

23. People charged with serious crimes such as murder, manslaughter, rape and robbery are ______ in front of a jury.

24. A lawyer has the right to _________ prosecution witnesses.

25. Judges do not merely _______ the law; in some cases they make laws.

26. The doctrine of _____ is still a central feature of modern common law systems.

27. The spread of _____ law in the world is due both to the widespread influence of Britain in the world and the growth of the USA.

28. ________ systems are sometimes known as codified legal systems.

29. In order to separate the roles of the ______ and judiciary, it is necessary to make laws that were clear and comprehensive.

30. The courts are able to ________ the constitutional legality of a law made by parliament.

31. The clear distinction between _______ and judiciary has weakened in many countries, where courts are able to challenge the constitutional legality of a law made by parliament.

32. In many countries legislators wanted to break with previous case law, which had often produced ______ and biased judgment.

33. A shoplifter is a person who ______ from shops.

34. A ________ is a person who brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax.

35. The principle of separation of power was adopted in order to _____ the control of a state over its citizens.

36. President of the United States is _______ for a term of four years.

37. It takes much longer to have a case heard in the Crown Court, but ______ prefer it because the case is decided by the jury, ordinary members of the public.

38. The ______ on a jury is compulsory and cannot be avoided without a good reason, such as illness.

39. Such serious crime, like ______, cannot be heard by the magistrates and must go to the Crown Court.

40. The process of taking an action from a low court to a higher court may be __________ and very costly.

41. A terrorist is a person who uses _______ for political reasons.

42. A _____ dealer buys and sells drugs illegally.

43. Juries _____ only in criminal courts.

44. The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest appellate court _______.

45. Most schools in many countries no longer have _______ punishment.

46. Amnesty International works to release people imprisoned for their beliefs, to ______ the use of torture, and to abolish the death penalty.

47. Torture is defined in the 1949 Geneva Convention as the deliberate, systematic ______ of physical and mental suffering.

48. Sometimes ________ is used to extract information from prisoners, and sometimes for no other reason than to hurt and frighten them.

49. The police had enough _________ of John’s accomplice.

50. _______ punishment would be abolished in all countries if it hadn’t been serious crimes like murder and rape.

51. Amnesty International works to _____ people imprisoned for their beliefs, to ban the use of torture, and to abolish the death penalty.

52. Death penalty is available in most states today for the most ____ crimes such as murder.

53. A burglar is a person who _______ into the house to steal.

54. A hijacker is a person who ______ control of a plane by force and makes pilot change course.

55. The verdict of a jury should be unanimous, though sometimes a _____ verdict is acceptable.

56. The defendant was accused of ______ a crime by the jury.

57. Prisoners of ______ are people who had never used or advocated violence and were simply in prison because of their political or religious beliefs.

58. Amnesty International works to release people imprisoned for their beliefs, to ban the use of torture, and to ______ the death penalty.

59. The accused was released on _____ after being charged with an offence.

60. The witnesses saw how the accident happened and gave truthful _______ to the judge.

61. In a Crown Court trial there are twelve ______.

62. When the police _____ somebody on suspicion of having committed a crime, they have to follow certain procedure.

63. Unless the police obtain special permission, they are not allowed to ______ a person for more than twenty-four hours.

64. In cases where a panel of magistrates (usually three) has decided somebody is guilty of a crime, they can also ______ a punishment.

65. Magistrates are just ordinary people of good reputation who have been ____ to the job by a local committee.

66. The members of the jury are not paid but they are given ____ while they are on jury service, which is usually for about two weeks.

67. Unless the police ____ special permission, they are not allowed to detain a person for more than twenty-for hours.

68. Magistrates, who are also known as Justices of the Peace, are not trained _______.

69. It is the judge’s job to ______ a punishment on those found guilty of crimes.

70. If it is someone’s first offence, and the crime is a small one, even a guilty person is often unconditionally ________.

71. In Britain magistrates do not get salaries or a fee for their work, though they get paid _______.

72. Juries consist of ______ people selected at random from the list of voters.

73. A convicted person may appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal in London either to have the conviction _______ or to have the sentence reduced.

74. The duty of the judge during the trial is to act as the referee while the prosecution and defence put their cases and question witnesses, and to decide what ______ is admissible and what is not.

75. A conditional ________ means that the guilty person is set free but if he or she commits another crime within a stated time, the first crime will be taken into account.

76. In order a _____ to be reached, there must be agreement among at least ten jurors.

77. A convicted person may appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal in London either to have the conviction quashed or to have the sentence ________.

78. A guilty person may be set free and put on _______, which means that regular meetings with a social worker must take place.

79. A very common form of punishment for minor offences is a _____, which means that the guilty person has to pay a sum of money.

80. The American Constitution is based on the doctrine of the ______ of powers between the executive, legislative and judiciary.

81. In order for a verdict to be reached, there must be ______ among at least ten jurors.

82. The duty of the judge during the trial is to act as the referee while the _____ and defence put their cases and question witnesses, and to decide what evidence is admissible and what is not.

83. A very common form of punishment for _____ offences is a fine, which means that the guilty person has to pay a sum of money.

84. Wherever possible, magistrates and judges try not to ________ people.

85. The only function of ______ is to present cases in court.

86. People who are sent to prison often get ______- of their sentence for good behaviour.

87. There is no death penalty in Britain, except for _______.

88. There are two distinct kinds of lawyers in Britain: a ______ and a barrister.

89. In order to make the arrest legal the police must caution an arrested person: ‘You do not have to say anything unless you wish to do so, but what you say may be given in _______.’

90. One way to ______ the level of crime is to interview people and ask them whether they have been the victims of crime.

91. There is no death ______ in Britain, except for treason.

92. There are two distinct kinds of lawyers in Britain: a solicitor and a _______.

93. _____ is a sum of money guaranteed by somebody on behalf of a person who has been charged with a crime so that he/she can go free until the time of the trial.

94. It is generally accepted that in the last quarter of the twentieth century, the number of crimes has gone up because of a lack of confidence in the ability of the police to _____ criminals.

95. The system of _____ in England and Wales, in both civil and criminal cases, is and adversarial system.

96. For murderers, there is an obligatory life ______ in Britain.

97. If the trail is to be heard, the solicitor normally hires the services of the other kind of a lawyer – a _______-.

98. One way to ______ the level of crime is to interview people and ask them whether they have been the victims of crime.

99. The duty of the judge during the trial is to act as the referee while the prosecution and ______ put their cases and question witnesses.

100. The magistrate may decide that it is not necessary to hold the suspect in ______.

101. Courts contribute to social stability by … disputes in the civilized fashion (…).

1) repairing 2) mending 3) solving 4) patching up 5) discussing

102. A crime is a wrong which … against society (…).

1) is tried 2) is brought 3) is committed 4) is put 5) is resolved

103. A court may sentence an offender to execution, … punishment or loss of liberty (…).

1) bodily 2) physical 3) corporal 4) fitting 5) live

104. The evidence is not sufficient to bring a … against him. (…).

1) information 2) defence 3) persecution 4) prosecution 5) proof

105. He refused to give … at the trial (…).

1) testimony 2) proof 3) support 4) beliefs' 5) demonstration

106. An independent committee will look into alleged human rights … (…).

1) decisions 2) abuses 3) methods 4) judgments 5) conclusions

107. She gave a somewhat … account of the proceedings (…).

1) discriminatory 2) biased 3) toleranted 4) conflict 5) confusing

108. They are … the law by employing such young children (…).

1) amending 2) enforcing 3) breaking 4) observing 5) keeping

109. When the judge had finished his summing up, he asked the jury to consider their … (…).

1) sentence 2) verdict 3) punishment 4) speech 5) record

110. It is the duty of every state to … its criminal jurisdiction over those responsible for the international crimes (…).

1) fulfill 2) execute 3) exercise 4) make 5) comply

111. Weapons are bought not only by criminals but by … citizens to protect themselves (…).

1) law-creating 2) law-defying 3) law-abiding 4) law-governed 5) law-drafting

112. The man they arrested last night has been … with murder (…).

1) accused 2) fined 3) charged 4) blamed 5) impeached

113. In some cases tribunals fail to … the law properly (…).

1) create 2) apply 3) exploit 4) resort 5) amend

114. Under the UK judiciary system, everyone is innocent until proved … (…).

1) guiltless 2) not guilty 3) guilty 4) blameless 5) in the clear

115. He sued the newspaper for … (…).

1) perjury 2) abuse 3) libel 4) embezzlement 5) extortion

116. We saw … break into the house (…).

1) smuggler 2) thief 3) burglar 4) mugger 5) robber

117. The police suspect that he had a/an … (…).

1) conspirator 2) accomplice 3) plotter 4) right-holder 5) employer

118. The jury … him of the charge of murder (…).

1) acquitted 2) prevented 3) prosecuted 4) disrupted 5) detected

119. The police asked him to make a/an … (…).

1) account 2) statement 3) convention 4) remark 5) comment

120. The magistrate issued a/an … for his arrest (…).

1) authorization 2) permit 3) warrant 4) guarantee 5) licence

121. The police have appealed for … to the accident (…).

1) spectators 2) witnesses 3) onlookers 4) guard 5) aiders

122. He may be prosecuted for … secrets about the security agency (…).

1) discovering 2) revealing 3) opening 4) finding out 5) expressing

123. The important constitutional principle that the king or Queen must … any legislation passed by Parliament is simply an unwritten tradition that has gradually developed over the last three hundred years (…).

1) certify 2) validate 3) approve 4) uphold 5) sustain

124. There is a/an … in Britain about whether citizens rights would be better guaranteed by a written constitution or at least a bill of rights (…).

1) talks 2) debate 3) conference 4) negotiations 5) arguments

125. Some people argue that the … of an unwritten constitution is a good thing (…).

1) convert 2) flexibility 3) alteration 4) adaptation 5) versatility

126. British Home Secretary … the television licences of people who had bought them early to avoid a price increase (…).

1) lifted 2) cancelled 3) validated 4) repeal 5) banned

127. Thirty police officers were brought to … (…).

1) procedure 2) trial 3) hearing 4) appeal 5) litigation

128. The police can … a private house without first obtaining a court warrant (…).

1) pursue 2) search 3) quest 4) hunt 5) look for

129. They threatened to shoot him and … him of all his possessions (…).

1) plundered 2) robbed 3) mugged 4) stole 5) held up

130. The doctrine of … is still a central feature of modern common law system (…).

1) model 2) prototype 3) precedent 4) blueprint 5) template

131. Many case law systems have … of law that have been comprehensively codified (…).

1) subjects 2) areas 3) domains 4) sectors 5) specialties

132. Thousands of people came to pray at the shrine of the former archbishop of Canterbury who was … in the Cathedral in 1170 (…).

1) exercised 2) eliminated 3) murdered 4) slain 5) assassinated

133. The courts of common law and of … existed alongside each other for centuries (…).

1) equality 2) equity 3) fair play 4) fairness 5) justice

134. One of the reasons for having special constitutional laws is to … governments from becoming too powerful (…).

1) avert 2) prevent 3) avoid 4) restrain 5) admonish

135. Nowadays a lawyer can … common law and equitable claims in the same court (…).

1) carry 2) pursue 3) support 4) conduct 5) contract

136. Differences in the way people are treated can be … as evidence of discrimination (…).

1) clarified 2) expounded 3) interpreted 4) concepted 5) repealed

137. The fifth amendment of the American Constitution, which … a witness from answering in court if he states his answer, might reveal his own criminal guilt (…).

1) acquits 2) exempts 3) discharges 4) releases 5) executes

138. Charlie’s been … from driving for a year (…).

1) released 2) banned 3) excluded 4) suppressed 5) interdicted

139. The state police are … the incident (…).

1) trying 2) investigating 3) searching 4) rehearing 5) considering

140. He joined with others to start a … for prisoners of conscience (…).

1) battle 2) campaign 3) guard 4) drive 5) company

141. The group does not … the use of violence (…).

1) agree 2) advocate 3) assert 4) protect 5) sustain

142. They were in prison because of their political or religious … (…).

1) teaching 2) beliefs 3) censorship 4) intolerance 5) liberty

143. By gathering information, creating publicity and writing letters, Amnesty has helped to speed up the … of such prisoners all over the world (…).

1) exemption 2) release 3) excuse 4) discharge 5) removal

144. Not everyone agrees that merely being born as a human … entitles someone to certain freedoms and treatment (…).

1) freedom 2) nature 3) being 4) dignity 5) right

145. Many German artists … to America at the beginning of World War II (…).

1) broke out 2) escaped 3) fled 4) made off 5) took off

146. They used torture to … information about their families (…).

1) find 2) extract 3) get 4) receive 5) gain

147. Magistrates are just ordinary people of good reputation who have been … to the job by a local committee (…).

1) elected 2) appointed 3) dismissed 4) nominated 5) designated

148. Governments make laws and the police … them (…).

1) perform 2) provide 3) enforce 4) assure 5) achieve

149. One of the two accused men was … at yesterday’s trial and left the courtroom smiling broadly (…).

1) acquitted 2) convicted 3) charged 4) sentenced 5) adjudicated

150. Jack was arrested because he had entered the country … (…).

1) falsely 2) illegally 3) wrongly 4) incorrectly 5) lawfully

151. Sally didn’t realize that she had …. the law (…).

1) countered 2) broken 3) denied 4) declined 5) followed

152. The president admitted that there had been a breakdown of law and … (…).

1) crime 2) government 3) order 4) offence 5) resistance

153. Jim’s parents wouldn’t … him go to the demonstration (…).

1) agree 2) allow 3) let 4) permit 5) approve

154. Talking to other students is against the … of the examination (…).

1) law 2) orders 3) rules 4) advice 5) endorsement

155. I had to take the company to … to get the money they owed me (…).

1) court 2) justice 3) laws 4) orders 5) equity

156.The import of these products is … by law (…).

1) compulsory 2) prohibited 3) refused 4) admitted 5) authorized

157. Charles could not deny having been at the … of the crime (…).

1) location 2) square 3) scene 4) area 5) spot

158. The child was kidnapped by a notorious … of robbers (…).

1) crew 2) gang 3) staff 4) team 5) company

159. He is … of murder (…).

1) charged 2) released 3) accused 4) forgiven 5) prosecuted

160. She studied law and was called to the … (…).

1) notary’s office 2) Supreme Court 3) Bar 4) Customs 5) law-enforcing body

161. He was arrested and then released on … by magistrates (…).

1) compensation 2) bail 3) refund 4) rebate 5) award

162. The witness was visibly nervous before giving his … (…).

1) proof 2) testimony 3) facts 4) notes 5) observation

163. Under … he admitted being a drug user (…).

1) cross-action 2) cross-examination 3) cross-application 4) cross-complaint 5) cross- claim

164. The amount of … awarded to the plaintiff will be decided by the judge, not the jury (…).

1) damage 2) hurt 3) damages 4) injury 5) harm

165. A … can advise on how you should act in this situation (…).

1) defendant 2) judge 3) juror 4) solicitor 5) plaintiff

166. Common law has been … by many Commonwealth countries and the USA (…).

1) adapted 2) selected 3) adopted 4) chosen 5) taken

167. It is not necessary for a … to know anything about the law (…).

1) judge 2) juror 3) solicitor 4) barrister 5) advocate

168. All … against police officers are carefully investigated (…).

1) accusations 2) complaints 3) information 4) libel 5) slander

169. The police who were investigating the crime could find no … at all (…).

1) hints 2) clues 3) pointers 4) signs 5) suggestion

170. Nineteenth century Europe saw the … of several multi-ethnic empires (…).

1) rise 2) decline 3) increase 4) cut 5) origin

171. It is not the job of the police to … justice (…).

1) apply 2) use 3) administer 4) hide 5) carry on

172. The company accused him of … his contract (…).

1) signing 2) breaching 3) respecting 4) following 5) making

173. The witness must have given … evidence at a trail (…).

1) artificial 2) wrong 3) false 4) fake 5) so-called

174. Punishment may be … only on a person found guilty of committing a crime (…).

1) enforced 2) imposed 3) applied 4) put 5) fixed

175. She stole jewellery from the department store and was charged with … (…).

1) stealing 2) shoplifting 3) mugging 4) robbing 5) smuggling

176. He broke into the house and was charged with … (…).

1) forgery 2) bigamy 3) bribery 4) burglary 5) perjury

177. Many of the President’s decisions and all new legislation must be approved in the Congress, which is … by the people (…).

1) appointed 2) chosen 3) elected 4) selected 5) resolved

178. The President is … to appoint judges to the court (…).

1) granted 2) allowed 3) empowered 4) permitted 5) qualified

179. The driver admitted that the accident was his own … (…).

1) misbehaviour 2) fault 3) wrongdoing 4) misdemeanor 5) transgression

180. The … Secretary is responsible for the prevention of crime offences, trial and treatment of offenders and for the prison service (…).

1) Defence 2) Home 3) Housing 4) General 5) State

181. In a civil case, the party who take legal action against the defendant is called … (…).

1) solicitor 2) prosecutor 3) plaintiff 4) client 5) witness

182. The BBC received a stream of … about the programme (…).

1) injunctions 2) pleadings 3) complaints 4) goods 5) affidavits

183. He issued a … against a newspaper (…).

1) brief 2) motion 3) writ 4) notice 5) statement

184. The Norman Kings sent travelling … around the country and gradually a “common law” developed (…).

1) people 2) folks 3) judges 4) musicians 5) salesmen

185. A case is usually presented by the … (…).

1) barrister 2) prosecutor 3) defense attorney 4) solicitor 5) judge

186. They are hoping for a … in their favour from the European Court of Justice (…).

1) verdict 2) decision 3) judgment 4) view 5) opinion

187. In some countries such as France, the judges and jurors decide the … together (…).

1) case 2) charge 3) trial 4) lawsuit 5) claim

188. The court ruled that the child’s parents must share the … for the accident (…).

1) acquittal 2) blame 3) evil 4) cause 5) accusation

189. A man is being held in police … in connection with the murder (…).

1) detention 2) guardianship 3) custody 4) confinement 5) cell

190. The new law on drink – driving comes into … next month (…).

1) use 2) force 3) date 4) weight 5) condition

191. After considering the case, the judge put the young offender … (…).

1) in treatment 2) on probation 3) in charge 4) in control 5) at interview

192. The … wanted to show that the legal rights of their citizens originated in the state, not in local customs (…).

1) lawmen 2) lawmakers 3) lords 4) law professors 5) law-manager

193. They have imprisoned a/an … man (…).

1) pure 2) innocent 3) lovely 4) natural 5) insensitive

194. Having arrested someone suspected of committing a crime, the police decide if they have enough evidence to make a formal … (…).

1) impeachment 2) accusation 3) address 4) admission 5) notification

195. Some minor cases as parking violations, are dealt with only by the … (…).

1) jurors 2) attorneys 3) magistrates 4) solicitors 5) barristers

196. The rules of procedure and … determines the court that may deal with a claim or dispute, the form of the trial, and so on (…).

1) authority 2) jurisdiction 3) area 4) rule 5) power

197. Each court normally hears cases in … of three judges, but on occasion, a full court of nine judges will sit (…).

1) bench 2) panel 3) board 4) group 5) list

198. Most countries have a formal written Constitution describing how laws are to be made and … (…).

1) compelled 2) enforced 3) compulsion 4) provided 5) secured

199. Juror must be men and women possessed of sound …, absolute honest, and a complete sense of fairness (…).

1) argument 2) judgment 3) law 4) precedent 5) title

200. We are determined that the terrorist will not escape … (…).

1) penalty 2) punishment 3) retribution 4) award 5) reckoning