21. Barristers

1. Lawyers who practiced in the courts are called "barristers" because they were "called to the Bar", the symbolic barrier separating the public - including solicitors and law students - from those admitted to the well of the Court.

2. They became specialists either in appearing in court, or in the process of using the courts, which would include giving oral or written advice on the strength of a case and the best way to conduct it.

3. In fact, many barristers have largely "paper practices" where they rarely or never make court appearances.

4. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the Law. They are called in to advise on really difficult points. The barrister is also an expert on advocacy (the art of presenting cases in Court). Indeed, if you desire representation in any Court except the Magistrates’ Court, you must have a barrister, with one or two exceptions.

5. Barristers are rather remote figures. If you need one, for instance, you never see him without your solicitor being with him.

6. Barristers do not have public offices in any street. They work in what are known as chambers, often in London. They all belong to institutions called Inns of Court, which are ancient organizations rather like exclusive clubs. In many ways the remoteness they have and, the job they do are medieval in conception.

7. Barristers are also found in South Africa and New South Wales (Australia).

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

22. Attorneys in the usa

1. Today the number of lawyers in the United States exceeds 675,000. This translates to one lawyer for every 364 people. Twenty-five years ago there was one lawyer for every 700 people. The rate at which the legal profession is growing will probably continue to outpace rate of population growth through the end of the century.

2. Why is a career in law so popular? Market forces account for some of the allure. We know that in 90ies the average salary of experienced lawyers was 88,000 dollars.

3. If we could include in this average the salaries of all lawyers, whatever their experience, the figure would probably be much lower, certainly well below the 108,000 dollars average salary of physicians.

4. But lawyers’ salaries are still substantially greater than those of many other professionals. Salaries for newly minted lawyers heading for elite New York law firms exceeded 71,000 dollars in 1995; some firms offered additional bonuses for clerkship experience in the federal courts and state supreme courts.

5. The glamour of legal practice strengthens the attraction of its financial rewards.

6. There are other reasons for the popularity of the legal profession and the great demand for legal services. Materialism and individualism in American culture encourage dispute.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.

23. Law enforcement in great britain

1. England, Wales and Northern Ireland are parts of the United Kingdom, a group of islands situated on the west coast of mainland Europe to the north of France and separated from Belgium, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries by the North Sea.

2. Scotland has an area of 78,750 square kilometers and a population of 4,9 million. It is in the northern part of the main island and has a police organisation similar to that of England and Wales, but a different legal system.

3. In area England, Wales and Northern Ireland total are some 165,000 square kilometers and have a population of about 52 million. Eighty per cent of the population lives in urban areas, London alone has a population of over 8 million.

4. There are 43 police forces in England and Wales with a total strength of 129,000 police officers. The police / population ratio is 1:448. The Metropolitan Police is responsible for the Greater London Area and is the largest police force with more than 28,000 officers. The Royal Ulster Constabulary is responsible for Northern Ireland and has over 11,500 regular police officers.

5. Additionally in England and Wales there are more than 53,000 civilian support staff employed by police forces together with some 4,500 traffic wardens.

6. Control of police forces is based upon atri partite relationship between central government, the local Police Authority and the chief officer of police.

7. Police officers are not employees of the state or of local government. At the same time, like any other citizen, they are answerable to both the ordinary criminal and civil law, as well as to the police disciplinary procedures.

Choose one paragraph from the following reading that best suits each statement.