- •1. The problem of defining object and subject of Cognitive Linguistics
- •1.1. The object, general aims and general objectives of cognitive linguistic research
- •Its objectives:
- •1.2. The phenomenon of Concept. Differentiating the notions ‘meaning’, ‘connotation’, ‘notion’ and ‘concept’, interpreting their correlation
- •1.3. Factors which stipulate formation of Concept
- •1.4. The subject and the objectives stipulated by the peculiarity of the former
- •2. Prerequisites of forming and stages of developing cognitive linguistic research
- •3. Connections of Cognitive Linguistics with other sciences stipulated by the object of the research
- •4. Approaches to studying Concept
- •5. Structure of Concept. Home and Occidental approaches to classifying concepts
- •6. Concept in forming World Picture. Differentiating Conceptual and Language Pictures of the World
- •7. Empirical Methods of studying Concept
- •Scheme of the analysis
- •8. Prognoses for future research
- •Theories of Personality as the Ground for Cognitive Linguistics' Developing
Scheme of the analysis
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Psycho-semantic aspect: what morphological category (categories) predominate in the speech of a person can reveal his preferences in behaviour and communication.
- The verb: dynamic – activity and practical actions (norm), anxiety and nervousness (problem);
- the noun: static – reflection and contemplation;
- the adjective: fluidity – reflection and contemplation;
- the adverb: emotionality of different types.
Not only the predominating category matters but the semantics of its words too.
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Psycholinguistic aspect: the ratio of morphological categories reflects personal emotive-cognitive inclinations in communication and behaviour.
- The ratio of the verbs’ number to the adjectives’ number in the unit of speech (the coefficient of Treiger): reflects the ratio of the inclination to active behaviuor versus the inclination to reflection and contemplating. Thus, it shows the level of emotional stability and the character of emotional regulation.
- The ratio of the verbs’ number to the nouns’ number in the unit of speech (the coefficient of activity subjecting): characterizes the level of socialization, readiness for activity, thinking (analyzing) and reflection.
- The frequency of the adverbs and modals appearing in the unit of speech (coefficient of dominating): analysis of their semantics (on the ground of the frequency) shows personal inclinations to domineering, subordinating or submission, conforming, compromising, cooperating personal strategies of communication and behaviour.
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Syntactic aspect: the study of syntactic complex:
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syntactic units (text, sentence, clause, complex, expression, phrase);
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syntactic connections (word forms, endings and suffixes, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, pronouns, etc.);
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syntactic relations (simple, complex or compound sentence and members of the sentence or the clause; subordination and sequence of the members; the Mood).
The study of the text implies:
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syntactic correctness and completeness;
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semantic and syntactic correspondence;
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semantic completeness of the utterance.
The study of the sentence (with its components) implies:
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the preference to simple or complex structure;
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completeness or incompleteness;
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extended or not extended structure;
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complicated with additional constructions or not;
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types of relations;
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connected with or without conjunctions;
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prevailed word-order (direct or inverted);
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means of syntactic connection.
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Paralinguistic aspect: refers to the emotional (or psycho-somatic) state of a speaker:
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Tempo (speed): 60 – 100 words per minute is regarded to be the norm; increase – anxiety, alcohol or drug influence; decrease – tendency to depression;
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Basic tone, loudness: 50 – 80 decibel is considered to be the norm; increase – excitation, alcohol or drug influence; decrease – tendency to depression;
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Timbre: high tone frequency – anxiety, excitation, alcohol or drug influence; low tone frequency – tendency to depression;
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Melodiousness (melody): frequent pauses can show inclination to depression (short pauses – around 3 seconds (OK), longer – about 4-7 seconds (there can be a problem), more that 7 seconds (definitely a problem));
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Character of feeling pauses:
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General character of speech sounding: longevity (too long – tendency to depression); phonetic intelligibility (fused and indecipherable speech – anxiety, excitation); intensification (of vowels – tendency to depression; of consonants – anxiety and nervousness).
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Pragmatic aspect: reveals the attitude of a speaker (a sender):
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to reality;
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to the context of a message;
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to the addressee.
The structure of a speech act includes 3 components:
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illocution (the aim of a speaker): assertives (statements, reports, notification, etc.); directives (orders, demands, requests, permission, forbiddance, recommendations, advice, etc.): co-missives (promises, threatens, obligations, assurance, guaranties, oath, etc.); declaratives (announcements, decisions, etc.); expressives (gratitude, apologies, congratulations, condolences, complains, praises, lamentations, etc.).
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locution (delivery): is stipulated by the character of speech semantic feeling and depends on the considered above psycho-semantic, psycholinguistic and paralinguistic aspects;
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per-locution (the result of a speech impact on the addressee): is formed out on the ground of the following moments’ evaluation: the aim of a message defining; evaluation of the personal (addressee’s) emotive context and defining the main communicative motive of a speaker (a sender); correspondence of the prognosticated by a speaker (a sender) effect to the real achieved one.