Вариант 6

TEXT A

How fire was discovered

The earliest men knew about fire. It flashed from volcanoes, from lightning and in forest fires. At first men only feared it. Then they found that fire could be useful and to a certain extent kept under control. Each group of people made this great discovery for themselves.

Early men used fire for cooking and to harden his weapons. It was long, long years before men learned to get a fire for themselves. The precious fire was guarded, watched and fed constantly. When a camp was moved the fire was carefully carried to the new place because if it went out, they had to wait for a forest fire or for a lightning to strike some tree or they had to get it from another tribe they happened to meet.

So we don't know for sure how the use of fire was discovered. We can only guess how it happened. Some think that lightning set fire to a dead tree and from that a man learned about fire. Or probably he saw fire started by the rubbing together of two branches of a tree and then tried to imitate this process himself. Later men came to know the benefits of fire.

1. Прочтите текст.

2. Дайте английские соответствия:

Первобытный человек, лесной огонь, в определенной степени, закалял оружие, добывать огонь, узнали.

3. Из второго абзаца текста выпишите предложения с глаголом ‘to be’. Определите, является он вспомогательным или смысловым. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

4. Образуйте степени сравнения прилагательных early и precious.

5. Выпишите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами (3) и переведите их на русский язык

6. Выпишите из текста по одному предложению в Present Simple и Past Simple, подчеркните глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык.

7. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие пассивный залог, выпишите одно из них и переведите его на русский язык.

Text в fuels

Fuels are organic combustible substances used for the production of heat energy. Three major types of fuels are used to produce heat and power: solid, liquid and gaseous.

Coal is the most important solid fuel. Together with coal such solid fuels as wood and peat are used. Oil is the most important liquid fuel as well as its derivatives produced by the method of distilling crude oil. The use of a particular type of oil is based on its composition and such properties as the calorific value, the flash point, the setting point, the specific weight and the viscosity. Natural gas is of prime importance among gaseous fuels. The chief constituent of natural gas is methane.

Combustion of fuel is the chemical combination of the oxidizable elements of the fuel with oxygen. The normal oxygen content in air is 21 %, nitrogen makes up 78 % of air, and the remaining 1 % is made up of other gases such as water vapour, neon, and carbon dioxide.

Different kinds of fuels vary greatly in the way in which they burn and in the amount of heat they produce. The quantity of heat generated by completely burning one unit of a fuel is known as the calorific or heat value of the fuel. It is the amount of heat liberated by the complete combustion of one kilogram of fuel.

1. Сделайте письменный перевод текста.

2. Выпишите слова с окончанием -s, определите, к какой части речи они

относятся.

3. Выпишите из текста местоимения, определите, к какому типу они относятся (личные, притяжательные, указательные и т.д.)

4. Найдите в тексте числительные и запишите их словами.

5. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложению:

In some circumstances the danger of explosion appears.

6. Найдите во втором абзаце текста причастия I и причастия II, выпишите их, переведите письменно на русский язык.

7. Составьте резюме:

1. Name/Surname

2. Address

3. Telephone No.

4. Date and Place of Birth

5. Nationality

6. Marital status

7. Education

8. Languages

9. Courses and professional training

10. Work experience

11. Computer skills

12. Interests

Вариант 7

TEXT A

THE HISTORY OF FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION

IN GREAT BRITAIN

William I (William the Conqueror) of England (1027 - 1089) decreed one of the first recorded fire prevention regulations. The use of the open hearth for heating and cooking in houses created a fire danger and he ordered all fires be extinguished at night. On the ringing of the evening bell all fires were to be extinguished.

King Richard I (1189 - 1199) decreed that walls 16 feet high and 3 feet thick were to be built between the neighbouring buildings to prevent fire spread. This requirement is similar to the modern standard. It requires that parapet walls must prevent fire spread from one building to another.

After September 2, 1666, further changes in fire prevention regulations took place. On that day the Great Fire of London began and burned for 5 days. Following that fire the London City Council acted to prevent similar fires. The law was passed that required all homes to be built of brick or stone. Those were the first attempts at controlling fire.