- •Содержание
- •Введение
- •1 Orenburg State University (Pre-Intermediate)
- •1.1 Repeat the following words and phrases first after the teacher and then do it independently
- •1.2 Find Russian equivalents
- •1.3 Find pairs of synonyms
- •1.4 Guess the word judging by the definition
- •1.5 Read the following sentences. Choose one of the appropriate words
- •1.6 Read the following sentences. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words
- •1.7 Read the text and then choose one sentence which reflects the main idea of the text
- •1.8 Correlate the beginning of the following sentences on the left to the end of the sentences on the right. Read these sentences
- •1.13 Make up your own dialogues using the material of ex 1.12
- •1.14 Read the text and do the assignments that follow
- •1.21 Read the sentences. Change the Present Simple into the Past Simple
- •1.22 Read the sentences. Give the negative and interrogative forms of these sentences
- •1.23 Use the appropriate verb forms in the following sentences
- •1.24 Answer the following questions
- •2 Orenburg State University (Intermediate)
- •2.1 Meeting osu
- •2.2 Comprehensive Reading
- •2.3 Interchange: Studying abroad
- •2.4 Practice your writing skills
- •2.5 Translate into Russian in the written form
- •2.6 Listening
- •2.7 Discussion
- •2.8 Dialogues
- •2.9 Refresh Your Grammar
- •2.10 Supplementary
- •3 Student’s Day
- •3.1 Learning and using new vocabulary
- •Wednesday, Sunday, Saturday, Monday, Thursday, Friday, Tuesday
- •3.2 Text “My working day”
- •3.3 Comprehensive reading
- •3.4 Texts for translation in the written form
- •3.5 Listening
- •3.6 Speaking
- •After dinner sit a while, after supper walk a mile
- •3.7 Refreshing your grammar
- •3.7.1 Present Simple
- •In the year 3000
- •3.8 Some fun
- •Leisure
- •4 Orenburg Region
- •4.1 Read the new words according to the transcription; mind their pronunciation and meaning
- •4.2 Pay attention to the meaning of the words, belonging to the group of mineral resources. Mind their pronunciation
- •4.3 Read the text. Translate it
- •4.4 Answer the questions to the text
- •4.5 Arrange items for the plan according to the text
- •4.6 Speak about the Orenburg region according to the plan
- •4.7 Find the equivalents
- •4.8 Find the equipment
- •4.9 Pronounce the following words
- •4.10 Read the following international words
- •5 Russia
- •5.1 Unit 1. The Russian Federation
- •5.2 Unit 2. State System of Russian Federation
- •5.3 Unit 3. Moscow
- •5.4 Unit 4. Moscow is a cultural centre of Russia
- •5.5 Unit 5. From the History of Moscow
- •5.6 Unit 6. The Kremlin
- •5.7 Unit 7. St. Petersburg
- •5.8 Unit 8. Tretyakov gallery
- •5.9 Unit 9. Comprehension reading
- •6 Great Britain (Pre-Intermediate)
- •6.1 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- •7 Great Britain (Intermediate)
- •7.2 Post-Text Exercises
- •7.3 Supplementary Reading
- •8 United States of America
- •8.1 Unit 1. The United States of America (The usa)
- •8.2 Unit 2. The history of the usa
- •8.3 Unit 3. Christopher Columbus The discovery of America
- •Christopher Columbus The discovery of America
- •8.4 Unit 4. Political system of the usa
- •8.5 Unit 5. George Washington
- •8.6 Unit 6 Washington d. C.
- •8.7 Unit 7 New York
- •8.8 Unit 8 Holidays in the usa
- •8.9 Unit 9 Mark Twain
- •Список использованных источников
5.5 Unit 5. From the History of Moscow
5.5.1 Text
The first mention of Moscow appears in the chronicles for 1147, nearly a century before the Mongol-Tatar invasion. In those times Moscow belonged to Yury Dolgoruky, Prince of Vladimir. It was a small settlement on the banks of the Moskva River. At the prince's order a wooden fortress (a Kremlin) was erected on a high hill above the river. In the 13th century Moscow became the centre of a principality. Moscow expanded its territory until it reached supremacy over all the other Russian principalities, though still a Tatar vassal state. In 1320s the Orthodox church moved its administration from Vladimir to Moscow and that rose its prestige.
Prince Ivan I Kalita (1325—1341) was the first Moscow prince to be granted the right to collect the tribute money from the other Russian principalities. His grandson, Prince Dmitry Donskoi, was the victor of the battle of Kulikovo over Mongols in 1380.
Prince Ivan III who had earned himself the title Ivan the Great expanded Muscovy northwards. He subjugated Novgorod in 1487.
In 1472 Ivan the Great strengthened his position by marrying Sophia Paleologus as his second wife. She was a niece of the last Byzantine emperor. Since then Ivan had adopted the prestigious Byzantine emblem of the double-headed eagle.
Already Ivan III saw Muscovy as an imperial power. Texts were propagated in order to give the dynasty a Roman pedigree and Byzantine regalia. To transform Moscow into a capital, a huge building programme was undertaken, involving the reconstruction of the Kremlin. The results were impressive. After the fall of Constantinople a monk from Pskov, writing to Ivan's son Vassily III, referred to Moscow as the third Rome: "Two Romes have already fallen, but the third remains standing, and the fourth there will not be."
When Ivan III died in 1505, his power of Muskovy was consolidated by his successor Vassily III, who annexed the principalities of Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514), and Ryazan (1521).
5.5.2 Vocabulary. Pronounce the following words
Muscovy – Москвия
settlement – поселение
principality – княжество
supremacy – зд. верховная власть
vassal – вассальный, зависимый
tribute – дань
to subjugate – покорять, подчинять
to strengthen – усилить
to propagate – распространяться
pedigree – родословная
to undertake – предпринять
successor – преемник
to annex - присоединять
5.5.3 Questions. Answer the questions upon the text
1 Who is considered to be the founder of Moscow?
2 When was Moscow first mentioned?
3 What happened in 1320s?
4 What can you tell about the reign of Ivan Kalita and Ivan the Great?
5 What did Ivan the Great’s second marriage mean for him?
6 What programme was undertaken to transform Moscow into a capital of imperial power?
7 Who consolidated Muscovy after Ivan the Great’s death?
5.5.4 Match the two parts of the sentences
1 The first mention of Moscow …
2 It was a small settlement …
3 In 1320s the Orthodox church …
4 Prince Dmitry Donskoi …
5 In 1472 Ivan the Great strengthened …
6 To transform Moscow into a capital …
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a) moved its administration from Vladimir to Moscow. b) was the victor of the battle of Kulikovo over Mongols in 1380. c) on the banks of the Moskva River. d) appears in the chronicles for 1147. e) a huge building programme was undertaken. f) his position by marrying Sophia Paleologus. |
5.5.5 Agree or disagree with the following sentences
1 In the 13th century Moscow became the centre of Russia.
2 Prince Ivan I Kalita was the first Moscow prince to be granted the right to collect the tribute money from the other Russia principalities.
3 In 1472 Ivan I Kalita strengthened his position by marrying Sophia Paleologus as his second wife.
4 Ivan III died in 1505.
5 The first mention of Moscovy appears in the chronicles for 1147.
6 Sophia Paleologus was a daughter of the last Byzantine emperor.
5.5.6 Find the synonyms to the following words according to the text
dependent; levy; to subdue; to intensify; to spread; to join; family tree; to enlarge.
5.5.7 Fill in the blanks with the verb “to be”
1 It … a small settlement on the banks of the Moskva River.
2 Prince Dmitry Donskoi … the victor of the battle of Kulikovo over Mongols in 1380.
3 Texts … propagated in order to give the dynasty a Roman pedigree and Byzantine regalia.
4 “Two Romes have already fallen, but the third remains standing, and the fourth there …”
5 When Ivan III died in 1505, his power of Muskovy … consolidated by his successor Vassily III.