Recommended Literature

1. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика английского языка. – Л.: Просвещение, 1981. – С. 41-82.

2. Стилистика современного английского языка / А.Н.Мороховский, О.П.Воробьёва, Н.И.Лихошерст, З.В.Тимошенко. – К.: Вища школа, 1991. – С. 26-49.

3. Galperin I.R. Stylistics. – M.: Higher School Publishing House, 1981. – P. 24-29, 190-192.

Optional Literature

1. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языка. Учебник для институтов и факультетов иностранных языков. – М.: ООО «Издательство Астрель», 2003. – С. 20-36.

2. Миллер Дж.А. Образы и модели, уподобления и метафоры // Теория метафоры. – М.: Прогресс, 1990. – С. 236-285.

3. Malttzev V.A. Essays on English Stylistics. – Minsk: Vysheishaya Shkola, 1984. – P. 19-23.

4. Kukharenko V.A. A Book of Practice in Stylistics. – Vinnytsia: Nova Knyga, 2000. – P. 11-22.

5. Yefimov L.P., Yasinetskaya E.A. Practical Stylistics of English. – Vinnytsia: Nova Knyga, 2004. – P. 5-17.

Basic concepts

The notion of norm – implies pre-established and conventionally accepted parameters of what is evaluated.

Literary norm of a national language – a totality of pre-established rules and habits of language usage in a given society at a given period of time.

Context (in the most general sense) may be defined as a set of formally fixed conditions under which different properties of a language unit manifest themselves (O.M.Morokhovsky).

Situational/ extralinguistic context – the extralinguistic conditions in which the communicative act takes place.

Linguistic context – the combination of a word with its indicator that has a direct or indirect syntactical connection with the actualized word (Amosova).

Indicator – the indicatory minimum that makes it possible to define which of the meanings of a polysemantic word is actualized.

Foregrounding – the means of the formal text organization that focuses the reader's attention on the definite components of the message and determines semantically relevant links between the elements of one or different levels (I.V.Arnold).

Convergency/ce (amplification) – strengthening achieved by several stylistic means combined.

Coupling – the usage of similar elements in similar positions imparting integrity to the text.

Deceived expectation (defeated expectancy) – breaking of the pattern by the elements of low predictability.

Paradigmatics – is a set of non-linear relations between the language units of one class which are based on association (by similarity/ non-similarity).

Syntagmatics – is a set of linear relations between the speech units of one language level within a unit of higher level. They are based on contiguity.

The expressive means of a language is a marked member of a stylistic or functional stylistic opposition which has an invariant meaning in a language (O.M. Morokhovsky). A stylistic device appears in speech due to the syntagmatic relations that appear in a text or an utterance between stylistically marked and non-marked speech units or between stylistically non-marked speech units (O.M. Morokhovsky).

The expressive means of a language are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of an utterance (I.R. Galperin). A stylistic device is a constant and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral and expressive) promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model (I.R. Galperin).