Exercise 2 Answer the following questions.

1. What happens to a person’s body temperature during the day? 2. How are ‘owls’ and ‘larks’ different? 3. What advice will chronobiologiests give to a person who has to type some papers? 4. What do you do when you feel drowsy in the afternoon? 5. When do you feel the most energetic? 6. Why do you think this is so? 7. Do you think chronobiology is a useful field of study? Why or why not? 8. Do you agree that coffee makes some people feel more alert? 9. Are you a ‘lark’ or an ‘owl’?

Exercise 3 Translate and memorize the following words from the text.

Lark, owl, waste, workaholic, schedule, hour and a half, body temperature, blood pressure, cycle, drowsy, alert, determine, sharply, in the morning, at night, decrease, rise, carpentry, in some cases, comparison.

Exercise 4 Find synonyms among the following words.

creative (adj), do (v), waste (n), employ (v), period (n), timetable (n), use (v), report (v), reach (v), involve (v), awaken (v), determine (v), various (adj), pull in (v), alert (v), spending (n), make (v), hardly (adj), drowsy (adj), sleepy (adj), different (adj), decide (v), ready (adj), sharply (adj), prepared (adj), imaginative (adj), schedule (n), achieve (v), term (n), describe (v).

Exercise 5 Write a summary of the text, presenting the content of each paragraph in 2-3 sentences. Use the expressions:

The main idea of the text is ... The text deals with one of the most important (urgent) issues ... Much attention (consideration) is given to (classification, description)... It focuses on the matters of … The text gives an overview of... The text is mainly concerned with ... The aim of the survey is to show (demonstrate, find)... Particular emphasis is given to the analysis of... The text gives a detailed analysis of (reports on)... To sum up ... In conclusion ...

Индивидуальное задание для студентов заочного отделения к курсу

«Английский язык»

Вариант № 18/1c

Exercise 1 Read the text and translate it in written form.

Stand up and be counted

The U.S. Constitution mandates a headcount every 10 years, of everyone residing in the United States: in all 50 states. This includes people of all ages, races, ethnic groups, citizens, and noncitizens. The first census was conducted in 1790 and has been carried out every 10 years since then. Every ten years the Census bureau in the United States hires people to count the population. These people are called census takers. More than 200 years census takers have climbed mountains, ridden horses, and even flown in helicopters to find and count everyone in the country. Most people have answered their questions politely, but some people have not been so friendly. When a farmer in Texas refused to stop plowing his field, the census taker agreed to ask one question each time the farmer drove by. It took five hours to do the interview. But this kind of persistence pays off. Over the years, the census has been able to keep track of changes in the United States. This information has helped the government and private businesses to make future plans.

Every census since 1790 has asked the sex and age of each person in the country. Other questions have changed from census to census. Since 1940, however, every census has included questions about housing.

In the 2000 census five out of six households filled out a short form. This form asked seven questions about each person in the household (such as race, age, and marital status) and some questions about the housing unit (including whether it is a house or apartment and how many rooms it has). One out of six people filled out a long form with 59 questions. It included questions about education, employment, and income.

The guiding principle for the Census is ‘usual residence’, which is defined as the place where the person lives and sleeps MOST OF THE TIME. This place is not necessarily the same as the person's voting residence or legal residence. Snowbirds (people who live in one state but spend the winter in another state with a warmer climate) are to be counted at the residence where they live most of the year. The Residence Rules also affect college students, live-in nannies, military personnel, migrant workers, and people away on business or vacation.

The Congress of the United States is made up of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Each state, whether large or small, has two seats in the senate. The number of seats in the House of Representatives, however, depends on the state’s population. Using information from the census, the government determines how many representatives each state will have. Census data are used to distribute Congressional seats to states, to make decisions about what community services to provide, and to distribute $300 billion in federal funds to local, state and tribal governments each year.

The census data also helps state and local governments to plan community projects such as building new schools and roads. Private businesses study the census figure too. The data helps them to decide on places for new factories or stores. Information about one person or family, however, is always confidential. No one, not even the government, can use information about individuals.

The census shows how the United States has changed over the past 200 years. For example, the population of the county has grown from just under 4 million people in 1790 to 290 million people. The census also gives important information about the economy. For example, census figures show a steady decline in the percent of people working in agriculture. The census of 1820 showed nearly 72 percent of workers doing farm work. Today, the percent of workers in agriculture has declined to about 3 percent.