Усилительные местоимения

В английском предложении усилительные местоимения стоят либо после слова, которое они усиливают, либо в конце предложения. В русском переводе соответствуют местоимению «сам».

Число	Лицо	Личные местоимения	Усилительные местоимения
Ед.ч.	1 2 3	I You He She It	myself yourself himself herself itself
Мн.ч.	1 2 3	We You They	ourselves yourselves themselves

If you want a job done well, do it yourself. – Если ты хочешь, чтобы работа была сделана хорошо, сделай ее сам.

There is no doubt that they themselves developed this method of investigation.– Нет сомнения, что они сами разработали этот метод исследования.

Let her explain it herself. – Пусть она сама объяснит это.

I don’t want you to help me, I’ll do it myself. – Я не хочу, чтобы вы мне помогали, я сделаю это сам.

XXV. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них усилительные местоимения. Предложения переведите:

1. Spacecraft system itself comprises various subsystems, dependent upon a mission profile. 2. The ISS programme itself, and the international cooperation that it represents, allows 14 nations to live and work together in space, providing important lessons that can be taken forward into future multi-national missions.

Префикс повторности действия

Приставке “re –“ является показателем повторности действия и часто переводится на русский язык приставкой “пере-“:

to reconstruct to remake to reconnect to remix to reprint to reorganize to re-read to rewrite

переконструировать переделать пересоединить перемешать перепечатать переорганизовать перечитать переписать

Префикс обратного действия

Приставка “de-“ придает слову значение противоположное значению, выраженному основой:

to code to centralize to compose to form to orbit

зашифровывать централизовать составлять формировать выводить на орбиту

to decode to decentralize to decompose to deform to de-orbit

расшифровывать децентрализовать разбирать деформировать снимать с орбиты

Text A

Space Stations

Mir was a Soviet and later Russian space station. It was the world's first continuously inhabited long-term research station in space, constructed from 1986 to 1996 with a modular design. The station remained in operation for fifteen years until March 23, 2001, when it was de-orbited, breaking apart during atmospheric re-entry over the Pacific Ocean.

The station currently holds the record for the longest continuous manned presence, and was occupied for a total of twelve and a half years of its fifteen-year life cycle. Mir had the capacity to support a resident crew of three but could also support larger crews for short-term visits.

Skylab was the United States' first space station. It was also the only space station NASA launched alone. Skylab was launched on the 14^th of May 1973. The 100-ton space station was in the Earth's orbit from 1973 to 1979 and it was visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974.

The International Space Station (ISS) is an internationally developed research laboratory currently being assembled in the Earth’s orbit. On-orbit construction of the station began in 1998. The station can change its velocity and adjust the path direction, and is the largest artificial satellite with a mass larger than that of any previous space station. It is equipped with a subsystem that is responsible for power generation and distribution. The ISS is intended as a long-term research laboratory in space. The experiments in fields comprising biology, physics, astronomy and meteorology are frequently carried out in the station's microgravity environment. The ISS and its experiments are operated by long-duration Expedition crews. The first resident crew, Expedition 1, arrived on 2 November 2000. As of 1 December 2009 (2009 -12-01)^[update], the crew of Expedition 22 is aboard.

The ISS programme itself, and the international cooperation that it represents, allows 14 nations to live and work together in space, providing important lessons that can be taken forward into future multi-national missions and meeting the requirements for humans’ long-term presence in space.

The ISS is maintained at an orbit with a minimum height of 278 km to a maximum of 460 km, and travels at an average velocity of 27,724 kilometres per hour, completing 15.7 orbits per day.

Because of the size of the International Space Station (about that of a football field) and the large reflective area offered by its solar panels, ground based observation of the station is possible with the naked eye if the observer is in the appropriate location at the right time.

Задания к тексту A:

I. Прочитайте и переведите следующие выражения:

the world's first continuously inhabited long-term research station; a modular design; to break apart during atmospheric re-entry; to hold the record for the longest continuous manned presence; for a total of twelve and a half years of its fifteen-year life cycle; a resident crew of three; the United States' first space station; in the Earth's orbit; the International Space Station (ISS); an internationally developed research laboratory; on-orbit construction of the station; the largest artificial satellite; the station's microgravity environment; long-duration Expedition crews; to meet the requirements for humans’ long-term presence in space; the large reflective area; with the naked eye.

II. Найдите в предыдущем упражнении английские эквиваленты следующих русских выражений:

на орбите Земли; состояние микрогравитации на станции; разламываться на части во время повторного прохождения через атмосферу; удовлетворять требованиям долгосрочного пребывания людей в космосе; модульная конструкция; постоянная команда из трех человек; невооруженным глазом; сооружение станции на орбите; первая в мире постоянно обитаемая исследовательская станция с долгим сроком эксплуатации; в течение целых двенадцати с половиной лет из пятнадцатилетнего срока службы; самый большой искусственный спутник; первая космическая станция Соединенных Штатов; исследовательская лаборатория, развиваемая за счет международного сотрудничества; большая отражательна поверхность; удерживать рекорд за самое длительное присутствие человека в космосе; команды экспедиций с длительным пребыванием; Международная космическая станция.

III. Сделайте грамматический разбор предложений:

1. The ISS programme itself, and the international cooperation that it represents, allows 14 nations to live and work together in space, providing important lessons that can be taken forward into future multi-national missions and meeting the requirements for humans’ long-term presence in space. 2. Because of the size of the International Space Station (about that of a football field) and the large reflective area offered by its solar panels, ground based observation of the station is possible with the naked eye if the observer is in the appropriate location at the right time.

IV. Превратите данное предложение в вопросительно-отрицательные предложения, начинающиеся словами «Почему … не … » и «Разве …»:

Mir is not an international research laboratory currently being assembled in the Earth’s orbit.

V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. When was the first space station constructed and how long it was in operation?

2. When was it deliberately de-orbited?

3. What record does the station currently hold?

4. How much resident crew could the station afford?

5. What was the United States' first space station?

6. How long was Skylab in the Earth's orbit?

7. When did on-orbit construction of the ISS begin?

8. Is it the largest space station and can be seen from the Earth with the naked eye?

9. What are carried out in the station's microgravity environment?

10. Whom are the ISS and its experiments operated by?

11. When did the first resident crew, Expedition 1, arrive at the ISS?

12. What does the ISS allow and provide?

13. What are the main characteristics of the ISS’s flight?

14. Can a ground based observer see the ISS with the naked eye?

VI. Переведите текст А письменно.

Text B

Spacecraft Modifications and their Subsystems

There are some modifications of spacecrafts. Human spacecrafts are spacecrafts with a crew aboard. They may be intended both for short-term and long-term flights. Inhabited long-term research laboratories in space are known as space stations. Robotic spacecrafts that remain in closed orbits around the planetary body are artificial satellites or orbital spacecrafts and those that leave the closed orbits and travel into outer space are space probes. Different types of spacecrafts operate either autonomously or use remote control systems and are intended for a great number of different purposes, including communications, earth observation, meteorology, navigation, planetary exploration and space tourism.

A spacecraft system itself comprises various subsystems, dependent upon a mission profile. Spacecraft subsystems may include:

Life support 

Spacecraft being intended for human spaceflight must also include a life support system for the crew. The life support system must maintain the correct temperature and pressure during the flight.

GNC (Guidance, Navigation and Control)

These systems are responsible for correct orientation in space. They offer the capacity for determining and adjusting the path of the spacecraft to meet the mission’s requirements.

CDM (Command and Data Manipulation)

This subsystem receives commands from the communications subsystem and distributes them forward to the appropriate spacecraft subsystems and components.

Power 

Spacecraft must be equipped with an electrical power generation and distribution system. Near the Sun, solar panels are frequently used to generate electrical power.

Thermal control 

Spacecraft must withstand transit through the Earth's atmosphere and the space environment.

IMM (Impulse Management Maneuvers)

The system is intended for impulse management maneuvers and allows the spacecraft’s velocity and direction to change.

Payload 

The payload is dependent upon the mission of the spacecraft. Usual average payloads could include scientific instruments and equipment, and a human crew.

Ground segment 

Typical components of a ground segment include a data processing and storage equipment, ground stations to radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.

Launch vehicle 

The launch vehicle is used to propel the spacecraft from the Earth's surface, through the atmosphere, and into an orbit.

Задания к тексту B:

I. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским выражениям:

искусственные спутники; система жизнеобеспечения экипажа; импульсная система; разнообразие целей; система выработки и распределения электрической энергии; ракета-носитель; космические зонды; модификации космических кораблей; система теплообмена; дистанционная система управления; система обработки команд и данных; замкнутая орбита; солнечные панели; команда на борту космического корабля; сеть передачи данных с возможностью голосовой связи; наблюдение за Землей; выдерживать проход сквозь атмосферу Земли и космическую среду; устройства обработки и хранения данных; оставаться на орбите; система управления и аэронавигации; космический туризм; правильная ориентация в космосе.

II. Сформулируйте в нескольких словах содержание каждого абзаца.

III. Напишите резюме к тексту.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What difference is there between artificial satellites and space probes?

2. How do different types of spacecrafts operate?

3. What are they intended for?

4. What does a spacecraft system comprise?

5. What is the life support system used for?

6. What are GNC systems responsible for?

7. What system receives commands from the communications subsystem and distributes them?

8. Where can solar panels be used?

9. What is necessary for a spacecraft to transit through the Earth's atmosphere and the space environment?

10. The IMM system is intended for impulse management maneuvers, isn’t it?

11. Could usual payloads include scientific equipment or a human crew?

12. Doesn’t a ground segment include a data processing and storage equipment?

13. Why isn’t the launch vehicle continuously used by the spacecraft in orbit?

V. Перескажите текст, используя в качестве плана вопросы предыдущего упражнения.

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