I. Read and memorize the following words, word- combinations and word-groups:

environment — навколишнє середовище

e.g. Many companies acting as good citizens make efforts to protect the environment, pollution — забруднення

e.g. The costs of cleaning up the damage caused by pollution do not naturally fall on those who cause it.

acid rainfall — кислотний дощ

e.g. Dust and moisture combine in the atmosphere to form acids in clouds, and eventually there is an acid rainfall or snowfall.

pesticides — пестициди

chemical fertilizers — хімічні добрива e.g. Pesticides and chemical fertilizers used by farmers and home owners pollute streams, rivers, and ground water when they are transported by rain-water runoff,

prohibition — заборона

e.g. The prohibition of burning waste in incinerators, or the dumping of sewage in a river, and the banning of a pesticide are examples of this form of pollution control,

effluent fees — збір за скидання відходів e.g. Effluent fees were levied on a factory pumping its waste into the atmosphere and a nearby stream,

incinerator — сміттєспалювальна піч

e.g. Pollution control includes the prohibition of burning waste in incinerators.

tax credits — пільги з оподаткування e.g. Tax credits stimulate the producers to reduce the amount of pollution.

II. Give English equivalents of the following:

робити зусилля, щоб захистити

навколишнє середовище

збиток, завданий забрудненням

завдавати шкоди урожаю

відходи виробництва

безпосереднє регулювання

забруднювати річки

податковий кредит

III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. The costs of cleaning up the damage caused by ... do not pollutants

naturally fall on those who cause it. pollution

2. Burning fossil ... in cars and factories releases polluted fuel

pollutants into the air. acid rain

3. ... kills fish and plants in lakes. directregulation

4. Acid rain caused by ... in our country may tax credits

5. fall on other countries.

6. Water is considered ... when it cannot be used for its intended purpose. Government efforts to control pollution have taken three forms: ..., effluent fees, ... .

IV. Read and translate the text:

By the mid-twentieth century the air over urban and industrial centers had become foul and the waters filthy.

The costs of cleaning up the damage caused by pollution do not naturally fall on those who cause it. Though many com­

panies acting as good citizens make efforts to protect the environment, there is little economic incentive for them to do so.

Modern technology produces massive amounts of wastes. Burning fossil fuel in cars and factories releases pollutants into the air. Then dust and moisture combine in the atmosphere to form acids in clouds, and eventually there is an acid rainfall or snowfall. The results are deadly. Acid rain kills fish and plants in lakes. It also builds up in the soil and damages crops. It wears away building surfaces. Blown by winds, the acid rain may fall far from the source of pollution. Acid rain caused by pollutants in our country may fall on other countries. In fact, studies indicate that about half the acid rainfall in Canada may originate in the United States.

Water is considered polluted when it cannot be used for its intended purpose, such as drinking, recreation, farming, or manufacturing. Pesticides and chemical fertilizers used by farmers and home owners pollute streams, rivers, and ground water when they are transported by rain-water runoff.

Government efforts to control pollution have taken three forms: direct regulation, effluent fees and tax credits.

• Direct regulation refers to government rules to protect the environment. The prohibition of burning waste in incinerators, or the dumping of sewage in a river, and the banning of a pesticide (such as DDT) are examples of this form of pollution control. Those who fail to obey government regulations are subject to fine, imprisonment, or both.

• Effluent fees are charges levied on polluters for discharging waste. For example, a factory that pumps its waste into the atmosphere or a nearby stream will be charged on the basis of the quantity of waste discharged.

• Tax credits enable firms to reduce their taxes in exchange for investing in equipment that will enable them to reduce the amount of pollution they generate (pp.187—191).