- •Національний авіаційний університет
- •Oil and its products aviation fuels
- •6.091604 “Хімічна технологія палива і вуглецевих матеріалів” 6.090605 “Хімічна технологія високомолекулярних сполук”
- •Загальні методичні рекомендації
- •Module 9 oil and its products
- •Unit 1 oil and its products
- •Oil and its Products
- •Physical properties
- •Classification of Oil
- •Oil Products and their Uses Gases
- •Kerosene
- •Diesel oil
- •Fuel oils
- •Lubricating oils
- •Gear oils and greases
- •Other petroleum products
- •Petroleum
- •Unit 2 oil refining industry
- •Conversion of crude oil
- •Into useful products
- •Basic Refinery Processes
- •Conversion
- •Purification
- •Refinery Plant and Facilities
- •A technology for refining industrial waste oil and oil products
- •Supplementary reading Text 1 Raw Materials
- •Text 2 Types of Crude Oil
- •Text 4 Aromatics
- •Text 5 Gasoline
- •Text 6 Conversion to Light Fuels
- •Text 7 Bulk Transportation
- •Module 10 aviation fuels and fuel system
- •Unit 1 the power plant
- •The Power Plant
- •Verb-forming suffixes
- •Adverb-forming suffixes
- •Adjective-forming suffixes
- •Matter – substance, to include – contain – consist of – compose, goal – aim, complicated – complex, to use – utilize.
- •Types of Aircraft Engines
- •Exercise 14. Read and memorize the following word combinations with the term “engine”.
- •Gas Turbine Engine Operation
- •The Uses and Applications of Engines
- •Unit 2 fuel system
- •Fuel System
- •Unit 3 aviation fuels
- •Aviation Fuels
- •Physical and Combustion Properties of Aviation Fuels
- •Jet Fuels
- •Present Indefinite Tense Present Continuous Tense
- •Unit 4 fuelling system
- •Types of the Fuelling Systems
- •Fuelling Demands
- •The Fuel Checks
- •Fuel Sampling
- •Types of Fuel Checks
- •Unit 5 lubricatiom system
- •Lubrication System
- •Exercise 4. Translate word combinations with the terms “oil”, “pipe (line)”, “sump”, “pump”, “valve”.
- •Unit 6 lubricants and lubrication
- •General
- •Properties of Oil
- •Mineral Oils
- •Aviation Synthetic Lubricants
- •Supplementary reading Active vocabulary
- •Text 1 Environmental Impact of Aviation
- •Text 2 Lubrication
- •Oil and its products aviation fuels
Unit 3 aviation fuels
Active vocabulary:
1.hydrogen |
водень |
2.oxigen |
кісень |
3.carbon |
вуглець |
4.olefins |
олефини |
5.naphthenes |
нафтени |
6.isoparaffins |
ізопарафени |
7.compose |
складати |
8.combust |
згоряти |
9.to possess |
мати, володіти |
10.to arrange |
розміщувати, пристосовувати |
11.petroleum product |
нафтопродукт |
12.property |
властивість |
13.saturate |
насичувати |
14.stable |
стійкий |
15.gum formation |
смолоутворення |
16.to process |
обробляти |
17.portion |
частка |
18.in a different manner |
різним чином |
19.desirable characteristics |
необхідні характеристики |
20.high-octane fuel |
високооктанове паливо |
21.spark-ignition engines |
двигун з іскровим запаленням |
22.to add |
додавати |
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.
Aviation Fuels
-
Hydrocarbons
olefins |
naphthenes |
paraffins |
isoparaffins |
aromatics |
Any petroleum product is composed of a large number of different hydrocarbon compounds, and each of them has individual properties and characteristics. Almost all hydrocarbons present in fuels may be classified into five groups: the olefins, naphthenes, раrаffins, isoparaffins and aromatics. Compounds, within the same group have similar chemical, physical and combustion characteristics.
Olefins. Olefins are unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds. The general formula for the members of this group is CnH2n. Olefins are formed principally in the refining process called cracking. The olefins are the cause of much gum formation in gasoline; however, they possess very good combustion characteristics.
Naphthenes. Naphthenes are saturated, stable compounds even though the general chemical formula is CnH2n, the same as for the unsaturated olefins.
Paraffins. Normal paraffins are stable saturated compounds having the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. A large portion of any hydrocarbon fuel is composed of normal paraffins.
Isoparaffins. Isoparaffins are compounds possessing the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms as a normal paraffin, but arranged in a different manner. The physical properties of this group are similar to those of normal paraffins.
Aromatics. The aromatics are unsaturated, but stable compounds. Benzene, C6H6, is the most characteristic member of the group, and all aromatics consist of some variation of the benzene ring. The general chemical formula for this group is CnH2n-6. This group has very desirable combustion characteristics for use in spark-ignition engines. Members of the group are often added to gazoline to produce high-octane fuels.
Exercise 2. Read the following chemical formulas:
C; H; O; CnH2n; C6H6; CnH2n-6; CnH2n+2; C8H6.1; C11.6H23.2
Exercise 3. Pick out the corresponding verbal definitions to the chemical signs and formulas. Translate them.
С – hydrogen
H – oxygen
S – carbon
O – sulfur
CnH2n – general chemical formula for aromatics
C6H6 – general chemical formula for paraffins
CnH2n-6 – general chemical formula for naphthenes
CnH2n+2 – chemical formula for benzene
Exercise 4. Give derivatives of the following verbs.
To saturate, to add, to ignite, to desire, to spark, to form, to refine, to combine, to compose, to process, to combust, to arrange.
Exercise 5. Pick out Ukrainian equivalents to following English words and word combinations.
Petroleum product частка
to be composed of такий самий як
hydrocarbon compounds смолоутворення
properties нафтопродукт
aromatics високооктанове паливо
saturated додавати
unsaturated бензол
stable бензин
refining process хочь
cause елемент
gum formation складатися з
gazoline властивості
to possess процес очищення
though необхідні характеристики
the same as різним чином
portion насичений
in a different manner не насичений
benzene стійкий
member двигун з іскровим запаленням
desirable characteristics причина
spark-ignition engines вуглеводневі сполуки
to add ароматики
high-octane fuel володіти, мати
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences. Translate them.
1. Basically, all aviation fuels are (продукти нафти).
2. Any petroleum product is composed of a large number of (вуглеводневі сполуки).
3. The olefins possess very good (характеристика згоряння).
4. A large portion of any hydrocarbon fuel is composed of (стійкі, насичені сполуки, що називаються парафінами).
5. Olefins are formed in (процес очистки, що називається крекінгом).
6. Compounds within the same group have similar (хімічні та фізичні характеристики).
7. Benzene is the most characteristic member of (групи ароматичних вуглеводнів).
8. Aromatics are often added to gasoline (для виробництва високооктанового палива).
9. The physical properties of isoparaffins are (такі самі як і у нормальних парафінів).
10. Aromatics have very desirable combustion characteristics (для використання в поршневих двигунах).
Exercise 7. Answer the questions to the text.
1. What are aviation fuels made of?
2. What is any petroleum product composed of?
3. How are all hydrocarbons present in fuels classified?
4. What are olefins?
5. What is the general formula for the olefins?
6. What formations in gazolines are though to be caused by olefins?
7. What group of hydrocarbons has the same general formula as olefins?
8. What group of hydrocarbons has the general chemical formula CnH2n+2?
9. What is the difference between the groups of normal paraffins and isoparaffins?
10. What do these two groups of hydrocarbons have in common?
11. What aromatic is the most characteristic member of the group of aromatics?
12. What is the general chemical formula for the aromatics?
13. What characteristics has the group of aromatics?
14. What representative of the group of aromatics has its chemical formula C6H6?
Exercise 8. Read and translate the text.