- •1 Analyze stem, root of the words, and give their types.
- •2 Analyze the problems of Lexicology according to their importance in Lexicology.
- •3 Compare verbal and non-verbal causes of semantic change.
- •4 Compare and contrast linguistic metaphor and metonymy.
- •5 Compare the results of change fom the denotational and connotational points of view.
- •7 Comment on types of context, give examples.
- •8 Compare denotational and connotational types of word-meaning.
- •9 Compare and contrast amelioration and pejoration of meanings.
- •11 Contrast the major and minor types of word-classes.
- •12 Define the morphological, phonetic and semantic types of motivation.
- •17 Discuss on the difference between comparative and contrastive types of Lexicology.
- •18 Differetiate Descriptive and Historical types of Lexicology.
- •19 Express your attitude on linguistic metaphor and metonymy.
- •20. Say about the linguistic and extra-linguistic causes.
- •21 Evaluate the theoretical and pracical values of Lexicology. Express your points of view.
- •22 Explain the semantic change from the denotational point of view.
- •23 Explain the semantic change from the connotational point of view.
- •25 Explain the productivity and non-productivity of affixes.
- •26 Explain the native and borrowed affixes in English, give differences.
- •27 Evaluate each types of word-meaning, illustrate with examples.
- •28 Formulate the differences between external and internal structures of a word.
- •29 Give the right definitions on sound-interchange, word, polysemy.
- •30 Give the classification types of morphemes according to meaning and functions.
- •31 Give the types of morphemes according to the position, give examples.
- •32 Give the general types of morphemes.
- •34 Give the links of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics.
- •34 Give the differences between generalization and specialization of meanings.
- •35 Give the major types of word-formation and give examples.
- •38 Speculate on the theoretical and practical importance of Lexicology.
- •39 Speak on elevation and degradation of meanings and give examples.
- •40 Speak on narrowing and extension of meanings, give examples.
- •41 State out main problems of Lexicology according to the system it deals with.
- •42 Show the difference between lexical and grammatical types of word-meaning.
- •44 Show the difference between free and bound lexical, grammatical types of morphemes.
- •46 State out the functions of paragigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •47 Speak on English word-formation system
- •48 Write about minor types of word-formation, give examples.
- •49 Write about Lexicology, types of Lexicology and object of investigation.
- •50 Write about the types of shorteed words according to their importance.
- •29.Define the ways of formation of affixation, compound words and conversion.
- •30.Define the ways of formation of blending, reduplication and sound-interchange.
- •31. Define the ways of formation of back-formation, sound-imitation and shortenings.
- •32. Express your attitude on causes, nature and results of semantic change.
- •33.Point out linguistic and other functions of a word.
- •34. Give the aims and objectives of Lexicology.
- •35.Speak on motivation and types of motivation.
- •36.Give the general types of morphemes.
- •37.Give the types of morphemes according to the position. Give examples
- •38. Give the classification types of morphemes according to meaning and functions.
- •39.State out the functions of paragigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •40.Compare the analytical, functional and operational categories of definition of meaning.
- •41.Differentiate General and Special types of Lexicology.
38. Give the classification types of morphemes according to meaning and functions.
According to the functions and meaning morphemes can be divided into derivational, functional, productive and non-productive.
39.State out the functions of paragigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
There are two introlinguistic relations that exist between words.They are:paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. In paradigmatic relations we define the word meaning with the help of synonyms and lexical semantic groups.In syntagmatic relations we define the word meaning with the help of different contexts.
40.Compare the analytical, functional and operational categories of definition of meaning.
Meaning is the inner form of the word. There are three main categories of definitions which may be referred to as : analytical, functional, operational definition of meaning.
1) Analytical or referential definition of meaning seek to find out the essence of meaning establishing the interdependence between words of the objects or phenomena they denote. If we hear a sound-form a certain idea arises in our mind and the idea brings out a certain referent that exists in the reality. The dotted line suggests that there is no intermediate relation between word and referent, it is established only through the concept, because there are no objects or phenomena in the reality that predict a certain sound-form.
2) Functional or contextual definition of meaning seeks that the true meaning of a word is to found by observing what a man does with it not what he says about it, the proponents of functional approach to meaning define it as the use of the word in the language. It has been suggested that the meaning of a word is revealed by substituting different contexts. Here the meaning of a linguistic unit may be studied only through its relation to other linguistic units.
3) Operational or information-oriented definition of meaning seeks to define meaning through its role in the process of communication. They are more interested in how the words work, how the meaning works than what the meaning is. Meaning is defined as information conveyed from the speaker to the listener in the process of communication.
41.Differentiate General and Special types of Lexicology.
General lexicology is part of general linguistics,it is concerned with the study of vocabulary according to specific features of any particular language.
Special Lexicology is the Lexicology of a particular language, i.e. the study and description of its vocabulary and units, primarily words as the main units of language. It goes without saying that every special lexicology has its own inner branches as historical and descriptive lexicology. Special l-y divided into two:historical(diachronic), descriptive(synchronic).
42.Analyze the problems of Lexicology according to their importance in Lexicology.
The problems of Lexicology:
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Word-formation
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Semasiology and types of word meaning
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Paradigmatic (synonymy and functional style) and syntagmatic relations of words
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Phraseology
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Lexicography. Types of dictionaries.
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The study of vocabulary as a system.
The problem of word-building is associated with prevailing morphological word-structures and with processes of making new words. Semantics is the study of meaning. Modern approaches to this problem are characterized by two different levels of study: syntagmatic and paradigmatic.
On the syntagmatic level, the semantic structure of the word is analysed in its linear relationships with neighbouring words in connected speech. In other words, the semantic characteristics of the word are observed, described and studied on the basis of its typical contexts.
On the paradigmatic level, the word is studied in its relationships with other words in the vocabulary system. So, a word may be studied in comparison with other words of similar meaning.
Phraseology is the branch of lexicology specializing in word-groups which are characterized by stability of structure and transferred meaning.
One further important objective of lexicological studies is the study of the vocabulary of a language as a system. The vocabulary can be studied synchronically, that is, at a given stage of its development, or diachronically, that is, in the context of the processes through which it grew, developed and acquired its modern form.
Lexicography is the branch of lexicology that deals with the problems of dictionary compiling.