- •1 Analyze stem, root of the words, and give their types.
- •2 Analyze the problems of Lexicology according to their importance in Lexicology.
- •3 Compare verbal and non-verbal causes of semantic change.
- •4 Compare and contrast linguistic metaphor and metonymy.
- •5 Compare the results of change fom the denotational and connotational points of view.
- •7 Comment on types of context, give examples.
- •8 Compare denotational and connotational types of word-meaning.
- •9 Compare and contrast amelioration and pejoration of meanings.
- •11 Contrast the major and minor types of word-classes.
- •12 Define the morphological, phonetic and semantic types of motivation.
- •17 Discuss on the difference between comparative and contrastive types of Lexicology.
- •18 Differetiate Descriptive and Historical types of Lexicology.
- •19 Express your attitude on linguistic metaphor and metonymy.
- •20. Say about the linguistic and extra-linguistic causes.
- •21 Evaluate the theoretical and pracical values of Lexicology. Express your points of view.
- •22 Explain the semantic change from the denotational point of view.
- •23 Explain the semantic change from the connotational point of view.
- •25 Explain the productivity and non-productivity of affixes.
- •26 Explain the native and borrowed affixes in English, give differences.
- •27 Evaluate each types of word-meaning, illustrate with examples.
- •28 Formulate the differences between external and internal structures of a word.
- •29 Give the right definitions on sound-interchange, word, polysemy.
- •30 Give the classification types of morphemes according to meaning and functions.
- •31 Give the types of morphemes according to the position, give examples.
- •32 Give the general types of morphemes.
- •34 Give the links of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics.
- •34 Give the differences between generalization and specialization of meanings.
- •35 Give the major types of word-formation and give examples.
- •38 Speculate on the theoretical and practical importance of Lexicology.
- •39 Speak on elevation and degradation of meanings and give examples.
- •40 Speak on narrowing and extension of meanings, give examples.
- •41 State out main problems of Lexicology according to the system it deals with.
- •42 Show the difference between lexical and grammatical types of word-meaning.
- •44 Show the difference between free and bound lexical, grammatical types of morphemes.
- •46 State out the functions of paragigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •47 Speak on English word-formation system
- •48 Write about minor types of word-formation, give examples.
- •49 Write about Lexicology, types of Lexicology and object of investigation.
- •50 Write about the types of shorteed words according to their importance.
- •29.Define the ways of formation of affixation, compound words and conversion.
- •30.Define the ways of formation of blending, reduplication and sound-interchange.
- •31. Define the ways of formation of back-formation, sound-imitation and shortenings.
- •32. Express your attitude on causes, nature and results of semantic change.
- •33.Point out linguistic and other functions of a word.
- •34. Give the aims and objectives of Lexicology.
- •35.Speak on motivation and types of motivation.
- •36.Give the general types of morphemes.
- •37.Give the types of morphemes according to the position. Give examples
- •38. Give the classification types of morphemes according to meaning and functions.
- •39.State out the functions of paragigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •40.Compare the analytical, functional and operational categories of definition of meaning.
- •41.Differentiate General and Special types of Lexicology.
30 Give the classification types of morphemes according to meaning and functions.
According to the functions and meaning morphemes can be divided into derivational, functional, productive and non-productive.
31 Give the types of morphemes according to the position, give examples.
According to the position morphemes can be divided into prefixes, suffixes and infixes.
Ex: prefixes of negative meaning, as in- , non-, un- (invaluable, nonformals, unfree)prefixes denoting time, space, degree relations, as: inter-, hyper-, ex-, pre-, over- (interplanetary, hypertension, ex-student, preelection, overdrugging)
Ex: Some productive affixes
Noun-forming suffixes: -er, -ing, -ness, -ism, -ist, -ance(teacher,raeding,illness,realism, importance)
Adjective-forming suffixes: y, -ish, -ed, -able, -less(sunny,open-hearted,comparable,unless)
Adverb-forming suffixes: -ly(lovely)
Verb-forming suffixes: -ize, -ise, -ate(criticize,adaptate)
Some non-productive affixes
Noun-forming suffixes: -th, -hood(youth,childhood)
Adjective-forming suffixes: -ly, -some, -en, -ous(exactly,handsome,generous)
Verb-forming suffix: -en(heaven).
32 Give the general types of morphemes.
Morphemes are divided into two large groups: lexical and grammatical morphemes. Both lexical and grammatical morphemes can be free and bound. Free lexical morphemes are roots of words which express the lexical meaning of the word, they coincide with the stem of simple words. Free grammatical morphemes are function words: articles, conjunctions and prepositions.
Bound lexical morphemes are affixes: prefixes, suffixes and also blocked root morphemes. Bound grammatical morphemes are inflexions (endings).
According to the nature and the number of morphemes constituting a word there are different structural types of words in English: simple, derived, compound, compound-derived.
34 Give the links of Lexicology with other branches of linguistics.
The treatment of words in lexicology cannot be divorced from the study of all the other elements in the language system to which words belong. The connection of lexicology with phonetics is very important. This importance stands explained if we think of the fact that on the acoustic level words consist of phonemes and therefore phonemes participate in signification. Stylistics although from a different angel, studies many problems treated in lexicology. These are the problems of meaning, synonymy, differentiation of vocabulary acc. to the sphere of communication and some other issues. The difference and interconnection between grammar and lexicology is one of the important controversial issues in linguistics. A close connection between grammar and lexicology is conditioned by the manifold and inseverable ties between the objects of their study.
34 Give the differences between generalization and specialization of meanings.
Changes in the denotational meaning may result in the restriction of the types or range of referents denoted by the word. Restriction of meaning is called specialization of meaning or narrowing of meaning. It is gradual process when a word passes from a general sphere to some special sphere of communication. : the City –the business part of London, Oxford-university town in England, the Tower-originally a fortress and palace, later a prison, now-a museum, room – originally a space, now-dining room, sleeping room
If the word with the extended meaning passes from the specialized vocabulary into common use, we describe the result of the semantic change as the generalization of meaning or broadening of meaning. F: the word borrowed into Middle English from old French where it was persone and came from Latin persona “the mask used by an actor, one who plays a part, a character in a play”