42 Show the difference between lexical and grammatical types of word-meaning.

Meaning is the inner form of the word. Word-meaning is made up various components. These components are usually described as types of meaning. They are grammatical, lexical, part-of-speech, denotational, connotational, differential, distributional.

1) The Grammatical meaning may be defined as the component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words, as, e.g. the tense meaning in the word forms of verbs (asked, thought, walked) or the case meaning in the word forms of various nouns (girl’s, boy’s night’s). when we distinguish between the functional meaning which operates at various levels as the interrelation of various linguistic units and referential meaning as the interrelation of linguistic units and referents (or concepts). By grammatical meaning we designate the meaning proper to sets of word forms common to all words of a certain class.

2) The Lexical meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. They possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person and so on, but in each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component denoting the process of movement. By lexical meaning we designate the meaning proper to the given linguistic unit in all its forms and distributions

44 Show the difference between free and bound lexical, grammatical types of morphemes.

The morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of form. It is also an association of given meaning with a given sound form, but unlike a word it isn’t autonomous. M. are divided into two: lexical and grammatical. A form is said to be free if it may stand alone without changing its meaning; if not, it is a bound form, so called because it is always bound to smth else. Ex: if we compare the words sportive alone as utterances, whereas eleg- -ive, -ant are bound forms because they never occur alone. Free lexical m are roots of the words which express the lexical meaning of the word, the coincide with the stem of the simple words. Bound lexical m are affixes (prefixes, suffixes). Free grammatical m are function words (articles, conjunctions, prepositions). Bound grammatical m are endings (-ing, -ed, -s) – inflection.

46 State out the functions of paragigmatic and syntagmatic relations.

There are two introlinguistic relations that exist between words.They are:paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. In paradigmatic relations we

define the word meaning with the help of synonyms and lexical semantic groups.In syntagmatic relations we define the word meaning

with the help of different contexts

47 Speak on English word-formation system

Word formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the lang. after certain structural and semantic formulas andpatterns. Word-building or formation is the process of creating words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic patterns. There are productive (major or basic, principle) and non-productive (minor or secondary) ways of creating words in the English language. The main and productive types of word-building in English are affixation, word-compounding, conversion, shortening; the minor types of creating words are back-formation, reduplication, blending, sound-interchange, stress-interchange, sound-imitation.

Major types of word-formation - Affixation and types of affixation, Prefixation, Conversion(is a characteristic feature of the English word-building system. It is also called affixless derivation or zero-suffixation. Verbs and Nouns), Compound words and their types, Shortening.

Minor types – Blending(Blends are words formed from a word-group or two synonyms. In blends two way of word-building are combined: abbreviation and composition. To form a blend we clip the end of the first component and the beginning of the second component. As a result we have a compound-shortened word. One of the first blends in English was the word “smog” from two synonyms smoke and fog which means smoke mixed with fog. Cinemadict from cinema addict, chunnel from canal and channel, dramedy from drama and comedy, faction from fact fiction-fiction based on real facts, informecial from information commercial, medicare from medical care, slanguist from slang linguist), Back-formation (It is the way of word-building when a word is formed by dropping the final morpheme to form a new word (reversion). Instead of a noun made from a verb by affixation, a verb was produced from a noun by substraction. It is opposite to suffixation that is why it is called back-formation. At first it appeared in the language as a result of misunderstanding the structure of a borrowed word. F: to collocate from collocation, to compute from computer, to emote from emotion, to televise from television, painter from to paint, to baby sit from baby sitter.), Reduplication (New words are made by doubling a stem either without any phonetic changes or with a varation of the root vowel or consonant as in ping-pong, chit-chat, bye-bye, stylistically speaking most words are made by reduplication represent informal groups colloquialisms and slang.

Reduplication is the morphological process by which a morpheme is repeated, thereby creating a new word with a different word class. There are two types of reduplication: partial which reduplicates only part of the morpheme and full in which the entire morpheme is reduplicated), Sound-interchange (Some sounds are changed to form a new word. It is non-productive in Modern English, it was productive in old English and can be met in other Indo-European languages. In many cases we have vowel and consonant interchange. In nouns we have voiceless consonants and in verbs we have corresponding voiced consonants because in old English these consonants in nouns were at the end of the word and in verbs in the intervocal position. F: life-to live, blood-to bleed, hot-to heat, to sing-song.), Sound imitation (Words are made by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be produced by animals, birds, insects, human beings and inanimated objects. It is the way of word-building when a word is formed by imitating different sounds. a) sounds produced by human beings, to whisper, to giggle, to mumble, to sneeze, to whistle; b) sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, to hiss, to buzz, to bark, to moo; c) sounds produced by nature and objects, to splash, to rustle, to clatter, to bubble, to tinkle.), Stress interchange (They can be mostly met in verbs and nouns of Romanic origin: nouns have the stress on the first syllable and verbs on the last syllable. F: ‘accent-to ac’cent, to con’flict –‘conflict, to ex’port- ‘export.)