3. Persons in Courts.

- judge – public official who has the authority to hear and decide cases

- plaintiff/ petitioner – person who initiates a civil lawsuit

- expert witness – person who has specialised knowledge of a particular subject who is called to testify in courts

- appellant – person who appeals a decision to a higher court

- ADvocate - person who pleads cases in court

- clerk – employee who takes records, files papers and issues processes

- bailiff - officer of the court whose duties include keeping order and assisting

- reasonably prudent person - hypothetical person who uses good judgment or common sense in handling practical matters; such as person’s actions are the guide in determining whether an individual’s actions are reasonable

- defendant/ respondent - person who is sued in a civil lawsuit

4. Documents in Courts.

1. affidavit	a written statement that somebody makes after they have sworn officially to tell the truth, which might be used as proof in court
2. answer	the principal pleading by the defendant in response to a complaint
3. brief	a document or set of documents containing the details about a court case
4. complaint	in civil law, the first pleading filed on behalf of a plaintiff, which initiates a lawsuit, setting forth the facts on which the claim is based
5. injunction	an official order from a court for a person to stop doing something
6. motion	an application to a court to obtain an order, ruling or decision
7. notice	a document providing notification of a fact, claim or proceeding
8. pleading	a formal written statement setting forth the cause of action or the defence in a case
9. writ	a document informing someone that they will be involved in a legal process and instructing them what they must do

Block 4. Company Law.

1. Business Organizations (associations)

Companies law (or the law of business associations) is the field of law concerning companies and other business organizations. This includes corporations, partnerships and other associations which usually carry on some form of economic or charitable activity. The most prominent kind of company, usually referred to as a "corporation", is a "juristic person", i.e. it has separate legal personality, and those who invest money into the business have limited liability for any losses the company makes, governed by corporate law. The largest companies are usually publicly listed on stock exchanges around the world. Even single individuals, also known as sole traders may incorporate themselves and limit their liability in order to carry on a business. All different forms of companies depend on the particular law of the particular country in which they reside.

The law of business organizations originally derived from the common law of England, but has evolved significantly in the 20th century. In common law countries today, the most commonly addressed forms are:

Corporation

Limited company

Unlimited company

Limited liability partnership

Limited partnership

Not-for-profit corporation

Partnership

Sole Proprietorship

The proprietary limited company is a statutory business form in several countries, including Australia.

Many countries have forms of business entity unique to that country, although there are equivalents elsewhere. Examples are the Limited-liability company (LLC) and the limited liability limited partnership (LLLP) in the United States.

Other types of business organizations, such as cooperatives, credit unions and publicly owned enterprises, can be established with purposes that parallel, supersede, or even replace the profit maximization mandate of business corporations.

For a country-by-country listing of officially recognized forms of business organization, see Types of business entity.

There are various types of company that can be formed in different jurisdictions, but the most common forms of company are:

a company limited by guarantee. Commonly used where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise they have no economic rights in relation to the company .

a company limited by guarantee with a share capital. A hybrid entity, usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes, but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return.

a company limited by shares. The most common form of company used for business ventures.

an unlimited company either with or without a share capital. This is a hybrid company, a company similar to its limited company (Ltd.) counterpart but where the members or shareholders do not benefit from limited liability should the company ever go into formal liquidation.

There are, however, many specific categories of corporations and other business organizations which may be formed in various countries and jurisdictions throughout the world.