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Ex. I. Read the text and find the past modal form:

Once Samuel Johnson was asked how he had compiled his great dictionary.

He smiled and answered, “Oh, it was like quarrelling with one’s wife – one word led to another ”.

Once a woman told Johnson that she was shocked by the rude words he had put in his dictionary.

“Madam”, the writer replied, “you must have been looking for them” .

Ex. II. Translate the following:

He may have been in the crowd.

He might have been in the crowd.

He should have been in the crowd.

He must have been in the crowd.

He needn’t have been in the crowd.

He can’t have been in the crowd.

He ought to have been in the crowd.

Ex. III. Rephrase the sentences.

  • It’s impossible that she failed the test (can’t).

  • The teacher was sure Tom’s paper was missing (must).

  • It will probably rain in the afternoon (should).

  • Perhaps they tried to phone (might).

  • She probably arrived soon (ought to).

  • It’s impossible he stayed in a hotel. He’s got relations in the city (needn’t).

  • She definitely cancelled the order, she is very punctual (must).

  • No doubt the old houses were levelled in order to build a new wall (can’t).

Ex. IV. Underline the correct form

  • A.: I wonder why Pete didn’t answer the doorbell.

  • B.: Well, I suppose he may be/ may have been asleep.

  • A.: Why don’t you say hello when you pass us on the street?

  • B.: I might not recognize you / have recognized you.

  • A.: I wonder why Mary didn’t come to the meeting.

  • B.: She might not know/ not have known about it.

  • A.: Where is Jane?

  • B.: I’m not sure. She could be/could have been in the office.

Ex. V. Write sentences to explain each situation. Use the words in brackets (…) to make your sentences.

  1. Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I’m sure he was in.

    1. (he may/ go/ to bed early)

    2. (he might not/hear/ the bell)

  2. How do you think the fire started?

    1. (someone may/drop/a cigarette)

    2. (it could/be/ a short circuit)

  3. I am not sure whether I can lend you any money.

    1. (I may not/have/enough)

    2. (I couldn’t/have/enough)

  4. Bill didn’t arrive at the airport.

    1. (he might/have/to go somewhere else)

    2. (he may not/know/about it)

  5. Look at Ann. I wonder where she’s going.

    1. (she may/go/to work)

    2. (she could/go/to her sister’s)

Ex. VI. Complete the sentences with must or can’t:

  1. Harry has gone on a tour to Europe. He (must/can’t) have a lot of money.

  2. I’ve just seen Jan in the office. She (must/can’t) be out.

  3. He was very upset after the exam. He (must/can’t) have failed it.

  4. She knows the news already. She (must/can’t) have heard it from her colleagues.

  5. He doesn’t have the right qualifications. He (must/can’t) have been promoted so fast.

Oral practice: Careers in Data Processing

(System analysts, programmers and operators)

Ex. I. If you are in data processing, what are the careers in this field? Can you describe your future responsibilities?

Ex. II. Read the text and make up a list of duties and responsibilities for each of the profession.

System analysis, programming, and operations

The data processing field is usually divided into three areas:

  • system analysis

  • programming

  • operations.

System analysis is the area which is concerned with the design and development of computer systems. Programming is the area which involves writing programs – instructions for the computer. These programs should implement the systems designed by the analysts. Finally, operations is the field of data processing that deals with daily functions or operations of the computer system.

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