Б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

Б) Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):

introduction (v, adj), responsible (n), stratospheric (n), atmosphere (adj), contribute (n), global (adv, n), climate (adj), radioactive (n), pollutant (v), intensity (v, adv, adj), migrate (n), occurred (n), hazardous (n), developmental (n), associated (n), unexpectedly (v, n)

Задание II

А. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите.

1. поток, течение 2. загрязнитель 3. тропический лес 4. окружающая среда 5. внешний 6. фотосинтез

a) environment b) external c) current d) rainforest e) photosynthesis f) pollutant

Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

1. заболевания органов дыхания 2. выделение промышленных отходов 3. доступный (пригодный) кислород 4. выброс в атмосферу 5. ряд последствий для здоровья 6. токсичный металл 7. передвижной источник 8. широкий диапазон

a) introduction into the atmosphere b) respiratory diseases c) mobile source d) toxic metal e) available oxygen f) wide spectrum g) discharge of industrial wastes h) set of health consequences

В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:

global, children, hazardous, brain, pollutants, carcinogenic, spill

1. Waste material that contaminates soil, air, or water is divided by ecologists into two groups of ______: primary and secondary.

2. Discharge of harmful substances into lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater contaminates water bodies in the _________context.

3. Soil can be made impure when_________contaminants are either discharged or put under the ground or get to the soil from a _____that has occurred elsewhere.

4. Heavy metals and organic pollutants could cause irreversible damage to a human body as they might be __________ to population.

5. Some metals, such as lead, for example, present a grave danger to young______: they are in a risk group as heavy metals can damage their _____.

Задание III

А. Укажите фрагмент текста, где говорится о вреде тяжелых металлов для организма человека.

Б. Завершите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. The most hazardous environmental pollutants caused by the activity of man present a wide spectrum of substances including various chemicals: sulfur oxides (SOx); nitrogen oxides (NOx); carbon dioxide (CO2), toxic metals, as well as radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and _______.

2. The degree of soil contamination depends on different factors: the level of industrialization, methods of intensive farming, accidents with the rupture of underground storage tanks, leaching of waste material, direct discharge of chemicals, to which belong the following most common substances as _________.

В. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста

1. The area where an organism or ecological community normally lives comprises different external factors – biotic or abiotic – affecting the organism.

2. The most important factors causing global warming and ozone depletion during the XXth century are not connected with air pollution.

3. Water pollution in the global context presents the greatest problem for the mankind nowadays.

4. Ecologists view the result of soil contamination as the presence of manufactured chemicals or other harmful substances in the natural soil environment which can appear as the result of some accidents with underground storage tanks and by usage of pesticides in farming.

Задание IV

А. Преобразуйте данные предложения из утвердительных в отрицательные, а затем переведите:

1. Environment comprises all of the external factors affecting an organism

2. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context.

3. Water pollution has many causes and characteristics.

Б. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие союзы: «either …. or»

В. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на страдательный залог сказуемого.

1. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases.

2. This occurrence of this phenomenon is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage.

3. Soil contamination results when hazardous substances are either spilled or buried directly in the soil or migrate to the soil from a spill that has occurred elsewhere.

4. Chronic exposure to at sufficient concentrations is known to be associated with higher incidence of leukemia.

5. Obsolete pesticides such as mercury are known to induce higher incidences of kidney damage, some irreversible.

Задание V

Составьте и напишите фрагмент аннотации текста “Factors threatening the environment” с использованием следующих клише:

Special attention is paid to …. .

The data presented in the text seem to be ….

To summarize all mentioned above it should be noted that …

The text under discussion is of great value for those who ….

Unit 7

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

region, dynamic, process, reconstruct, indicator, distribution, signal, regenerate, fluctuation, reservoir, innovation, era, statistical, concentration, continent, solar, cycle, modulation, cyclical, anthropogenic, emission, generate, hypothesis

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.

CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences. Average weather may include average temperature, precipitation and wind patterns. It involves changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over durations ranging from decades to millions of years. These changes can be caused by dynamic process on Earth, external forces including variations in sunlight intensity, and more recently by human activities.

Evidence for climatic change is taken from a variety of sources that can be used to reconstruct past climates. Most of the evidence is indirect—climatic changes are inferred from changes in indicators that reflect climate, such as vegetation, dendrochronology, ice cores, sea level change, and glacial retreat. Different branches of knowledge contribute to the research of climate change. Palynology (the science that studies contemporary and fossil palynomorphs, including pollen) is used to infer the geographical distribution of plant species, which vary under different climate conditions, as different groups of plants have pollen with distinctive shapes and surface textures which resist decay.

Glaciers are considered one of the most sensitive climate indicators and their recent observed variations provide a global signal of climate change. They advance substantially during climate cooling and retreat during climate warming on moderate time scales. For the last century, however, glaciers have been unable to regenerate enough ice during the winters to make up for the ice lost during the summer months

On the scale of decades, climate changes can also result from interaction of the atmosphere and oceans. Many climate fluctuations owe their existence at least in part to different ways that heat can be stored in the oceans and move between different reservoirs.

Greenhouse gases are considered to be the primary cause of global warming. The greenhouse effect, which is the warming produced as greenhouse gases trap heat, plays a key role in regulating Earth's temperature. Over the last 600 million years, carbon dioxide concentrations have varied significantly due primarily to the effect of geological processes and biological innovations. During the modern era, the naturally rising carbon dioxide levels are implicated as the primary cause of global warming since 1950. According to the statistical statements in 2007, the atmospheric concentration of CO₂ in 2005 was 379 ppm³ compared to the pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm³.

On the longest time scales, plate tectonics will reposition continents, shape oceans, build and tear down mountains and generally serve to define the stage upon which climate exists.

Variations in solar activity during the last several centuries were based on observations of sunspots and beryllium isotopes. The sun is the ultimate source of essentially all heat in the climate system. There are also a variety of forms of solar variation, including the 11-year solar cycle and longer-term modulations. The cyclical nature of the sun's energy output is not yet fully understood.

A single volcano eruption that occurs several times per century can affect climate, causing cooling for a period of a few years. Huge eruptions occur only a few times every hundred million years, but can reshape climate for millions of years and cause mass extinctions.

However, this contribution is insignificant compared to the current anthropogenic emissions. There are estimates that human activities generate more than 130 times the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by volcanoes. Anthropogenic factors are human activities that change the environment and influence climate. Various hypotheses for human-induced climate change have been debated for many years. The biggest factor of present concern is the increase in CO₂ levels due to emissions from fossil fuel combustion, followed by aerosols (particulate matter in the atmosphere), which exert a cooling effect. Other factors, including land use, ozone depletion, animal agriculture and deforestation, also affect climate.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

climate change	- изменение климата
average temperature	- средняя температура
precipitation	- выделение осадков
wind patterns	- типы ветров
external forces	- внешние силы
intensity	- интенсивность
reconstruct past climate	- реконструировать климат прошлого
evidence	- свидетельства, данные, факты, основания
vegetation	- растительность
dendrochronology	- дендрохронология
ice cores	- центральные слои льда
sea level	- уровень моря
retreat	- отход, отступление
geographical distribution	- географическое распределение
glacier	- ледник
indicator	- показатель, индикатор
cooling	- похолодание
warming	- потепление
regenerate ice	- восстанавливать, регенерировать лед
fluctuation	- колебание
greenhouse effect	- парниковый эффект
plate tectonics	- образование и движение больших пластов, поверхности земли
solar activity	- солнечная активность
sunspot	- пятно на солнце
ultimate source	- основной источник
the 11-year solar cycle	-11-летний цикл солнечной активности
modulation	- модуляция
cyclical nature	- циклический характер
reshape climate	- менять климат
mass extinction	- массовое исчезновение
human-induced climate change	- изменения климата, вызванные деятельностью человека
fossil fuel combustion	- сгорание ископаемого топлива
deforestation	- вырубка леса

Задание I

А. Определите:

а) какой частью речи являются слова:

region, dynamic, variability, recently, indirect, contemporary, considered, substantially, unable, owe, trap, heat, significantly, due, primarily, innovation, naturally, ultimate, source, essentially, output, fully, single, generate

б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.

Б) Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):

variation (v), distinctive (n, adv), resist (n), intensity (v, adj), generally (adj), reflect (n), reconstruct (n), indicator (v), contribute (n), distribution (v), provide (n), concentration (v), consider (n), innovation (adj), statistical (n, adv), cyclic (n)

Задание II

А. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите.

1. long-term average dynamic geographical global biological statistical pre-industrial beryllium anthropogenic

a) innovations b) weather c) process d) change e) emissions f) isotopes g) distribution h) signal i) statements j) levels

Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

variety of sources different branches of knowledge resist decay primary cause huge eruption various hypotheses

a) мощное извержение b) не подвергаться распаду c) различные гипотезы d) основная (главная) причина e) различные области знания f) разные источники

В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:

indicators, output, interaction, variability, reconstruct, cause

1. Climatic changes involve fluctuations in average temperature, ______of the amount of rain, snow that falls on the ground, the average state of the atmosphere over the length of time ranging from decades to millions of years.

2. Scientists use mainly indirect data to understand and _______ climate change on Earth during the past.

3. Huge masses of ice, called glaciers, are used by ecologists and glaciologists for observations of changes in climate as they are regarded to be the most sensitive _____ of global warming.

4. Several consequences of climate alteration are due to the _____of the atmospheric conditions and big masses of water in seas and oceans.

5. Environmentalists consider the rise of carbon dioxide levels the primary______ of global warming since the middle of the XXth century.

6. Fluctuations of solar energy during the sun’s 11-year cycles and the cyclic character of the solar energy_____ has not been understood to the full.

Задание III

А. Переведите предложенные выражения:

On the scale of decades; to play a key role; on the longest time scales; at least in part; compared to.

Б. Найдите в третьем, шестом и девятом абзацах текста прилагательные в превосходной степени сравнения и переведите данные предложения.

В. Переведите следующее предложение, обращая особое внимание на сравнительную конструкцию, начинающуюся с ‘more than’:

There are estimates that human activities generate more than 130 times the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by volcanoes.

Г. В пятом абзаце найдите предложения, содержащие различные группы числительных. Переведите предложения с ними.

Д. Использование какого модального глагола преобладает в тексте ‘Climate change’? Найдите предложения с ним и переведите их.

Д. Определите функцию инфинитива в следующих предложениях:

1. Evidence for climatic change is taken from a variety of sources that can be used to reconstruct past climates.

2. For the last century, however, glaciers have been unable to regenerate enough ice during the winters to make up for the ice lost during the summer months.

3. On the longest time scales, plate tectonics will reposition continents, shape oceans, build and tear down mountains and generally serve to define the stage upon which climate exists.

Задание IV

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту «Climate change»:

1. What involves changes in the variability of the atmosphere over durations ranging from decades to millions of years?

2. How does indirect evidence from different branches of knowledge help reconstruct past climates?

3. Why (how) does the greenhouse effect play a key role in regulating Earth's temperature?

Задание V

Выполните письменно аннотацию текста “Climate change”.

Unit 8

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

academia, industrialized, tragic, terrorist, attack, routinely, classic, tsunami, transport, motive, criminal, act

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.

NATURAL AND MAN-MADE DISASTERS

A disaster is the impact of a natural or human-made hazard that negatively affects society or environment. In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of hazards and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability are not considered a disaster, as is the case in uninhabited regions.

Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries. Losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater in developing countries than in industrialized countries.

A disaster can be also defined as any tragic event that involves at least one victim of circumstance, such as an accident, fire, terrorist attack, or explosion.

Some experts argue that all disasters can be seen as being human-made. All disasters are hence the result of human failure to introduce appropriate disaster management measures.

Disasters are routinely divided into natural or human-made, although there are complex disasters, where there is no single root cause. A classic example is an earthquake that causes a tsunami, resulting in coastal flooding.

A natural disaster is the consequence when a natural hazard (e.g., volcanic eruption or earthquake) affects humans. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience. A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g., strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term ‘natural’ has consequently been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement.

Disasters caused by human action, negligence, error, or involving the failure of a system are called human-made disasters. Human-made disasters are in turn categorized as technological or sociological. Technological disasters are the results of failure of technology, such as engineering failures (bridge, balcony collapses, dams failures; power outages), transport disasters (car accidents, train crashes, air disasters, space disasters), or environmental disasters (avalanches, earthquakes, landslides and mudflows, sinkholes, volcanic eruptions, floods, whirlpools, maelstroms, tsunamis, blizzards, droughts, fires and some others)

Sociological disasters have a strong human motive, such as criminal acts, stampedes, riots, and war.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

disaster consequence tragic event victim of circumstance terrorist attack explosion human-made disaster engineering failure disaster management measures root cause capacity resilience human involvement negligence error transport disaster environmental disaster motive

- бедствие, несчастье, катастрофа - последствия - трагическое событие - жертва обстоятельств - террористическая атака - взрыв - катастрофа, вызванная деятельностью человека - ошибка в расчетах - меры по предотвращению бедствий, катастроф - основная причина - способность - восстановление физических и душевных сил - вовлеченность человека, людей - небрежность, неосторожность, халатность - ошибка - катастрофа на транспорте - катастрофа окружающей среды - мотив

Задание I

А. Определите:

а) какой частью речи являются слова:

contemporary, inappropriately, vulnerability, low, uninhabited, developing, suffer, tragic, failure, introduce, appropriate, complex, single, coastal, support, resist, involvement, strong, criminal, stampede, riot

б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.

Б. Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):

occur (n), inappropriately (adj), routinely (n), vulnerability (adj), tragic (n), failure (v), introduce (n), consequently (adj, n), complex (n), simply (adj, n), coastal (n), resist (n), involvement (v), motive (v)

Задание II

А. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите.

contemporary low routinely classic human strong criminal industrialized

a) example b) countries c) academia d) motive e) acts f) example g) vulnerability h) divided

Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

ненаселенные районы развивающиеся страны cложные катастрофы классический пример техногенные катастрофы сильные землетрясения

a) technological disasters b) classic example c) uninhabited areas d) strong earthquakes e)developing countries f) complex disasters

В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания:

disaster, tragic event, human-made, negligence, environmental disasters, sociological disasters

1. Hazards that occur in uninhabited regions and can not negatively affect people are not considered a ______.

2. If a collision, fire, criminal assault, terrorist attack, or explosion would lead to even one casualty, such a disaster can be designated as a ____ _____.

3. Many scientists think that nearly all types of disastrous events should be attributed to people’s mistakes therefore all of them are _____.

4. Some catastrophes, such as earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and some others are defined as ________ _________ because they have severe consequences for the environment.

5. Human-made disasters, usually caused by people’s mistakes or their ______, are classified by environmentalists into two main groups: the first group unites tragic events as the results of failure in technology while the second group, called _____ ______, have a strong human motive

Задание III

A. Переведите предложения, содержащие следующие выражения:

«In contemporary academia…», «Some experts argue…», « The term …. has consequently been disputed» «…. are hence the result….», . «…. will hence never result …».

Б. Найдите в тексте предложения с числительными в сравнительных конструкциях и переведите их.

В. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых использован модальный глагол «can», переведите их.

Задание IV

Задайте к тексту пять общих и специальных вопросов.

Задание V

Выполните письменно аннотацию текста.

Unit 9

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

discipline, evacuation, quarantine, effective, integration, original, focus, resources, academic, reduction, phase, expert, cycle, infrastructure, communication, plan, terminology, coordination, method, mobilization

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Emergency management (or disaster management) is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. It is a discipline that involves preparing for disaster before it happens, disaster response (e.g. emergency evacuation, quarantine, mass decontamination, etc.), as well as supporting, and rebuilding society after natural or human-made disasters have occurred. Effective emergency management relies on thorough integration of emergency plans at all levels of government and non-government involvement.

‘Emergency Management' is one of a number of terms which, since the end of the Cold War, have largely replaced ‘Civil Defense’, whose original focus was protecting civilians from military attack. Modern thinking focuses on a more general intent to protect the civilian population in times of peace as well as in times of war. Another current term, ‘Civil Protection’ is widely used within the European Union and refers to government-approved systems and resources whose task is to protect the civilian population, primarily in the event of natural and human-made disasters. Within EU countries the term ‘Crisis Management’ emphasizes the political and security aspects rather than measures to satisfy the immediate needs of the civilian population. The academic trend is towards using the more comprehensive term ‘Disaster Risk Reduction’, particularly for emergency management in a development management context.

Experts have long noted that the cycle of emergency management must include long-term work on infrastructure, public awareness, and even human justice issues. The process of emergency management involves four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.

Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether, or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk.

In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop plans of action for when the disaster strikes. Common preparedness measures include: the communication plans with easily understandable terminology and chain of command; development and practice of multi-agency coordination and incident command; proper maintenance and training of emergency services; development and exercise of emergency population warning methods combined with emergency shelters and evacuation plans; stockpiling, inventory, and maintenance of supplies and equipment.

The response phase includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area. This is likely to include a first wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters, police and ambulance crews. They may be supported by a number of secondary emergency services, such as specialist rescue teams.

The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state. Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding destroyed property, re-employment, and the repair of other essential infrastructure.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

emergency management response emergency evacuation quarantine mass decontamination involvement ‘Civil Defense’ protecting civilians military attack ‘Civil Protection’ government-approved system ‘Crisis Management’ security satisfy the immediate needs ‘Disaster Risk Reduction’ cycle infrastructure, public awareness justice phase mitigation preparedness recovery prevent hazard reduce the effect eliminate risk chain of command multi-agency coordination emergency service emergency shelter supplies mobilization responder ambulance crew rescue team

- управление чрезвычайными ситуациями - ответная реакция - аварийная эвакуация - карантин - массовое обеззараживание (дегазация) - вовлеченность - гражданская оборона - защита гражданского населения - военная атака - защита гражданского населения - система, одобренная правительством - управление кризисом - безопасность - удовлетворять непосредственные нужды - сокращение риска возникновения катастроф - цикл - инфраструктура - общественное сознание - справедливость - фаза - смягчение - готовность - восстановление - предотвращать, предотвратить опасность - сократить последствие - предотвратить риск - «цепочка» контроля - координация различных организаций - аварийная служба - аварийное, временное убежище - запасы - мобилизация - тот, кто отвечает за определенные действия - бригада скорой помощи - команда спасателей

Задание I

А. Определите:

а) какой частью речи являются слова:

emergency, effective, integration, thorough, original, resource, academic, widely, particularly, proper, easily, understandable, include, differ, expert, restore, coordination, involve

б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.

Б. Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):

evacuation (v), effective (n), management (v,adj), integration (v), original (n), widely (adj, n), professional (n), proper (n), easily (adj), understandable (v), differ (adj, n ), expert (adv), cycle (adj), restore (n), involve (n)

Задание II

А. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите:

phases firefighters discipline emergency protect

a) subject b) stages c) disaster d) defend e) firemen

Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

1. планы общения, связи, оповещения 2. правильное, подобающее содержание 3. оповещение населения 4. основное внимание 5. учения служб МЧС

a) original focus c) communication plans e) proper maintenance f) training of emergency services g) population warning

В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:

phases, emergency, economic, recovery, long-term, infrastructure, mitigation, awareness,

1. The nature of the discipline dealing with and avoiding risks is highly dependent on economic and social conditions local to the _____, or disaster.

2. This is true to the extent that some disaster relief experts have noted that in a sense the only real disasters are ____.

3. Risk specialists have observed that the sequence of actions in emergency management must consist of several aspects/steps/stages which include ____ - _____work on ______, public ______, and law/legislation matters.

4. The procedure of emergency management consists of several ______, one of them - ___ -implies prevention of hazards from developing into disasters______ .

5. The main goal of another phase, _______ , is restoration of the region where a disaster has struck to its former condition and shape.

Задание II

А. Укажите фрагмент текста, в котором говорится о четырёх фазах ликвидации чрезвычайного положения.

Б. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. The term ‘Civil Defense’ was substituted by the word combination/collocation ‘Emergency Management’ whose initial goal is ________ .

2. In the countries of the European Union the term Civil Protection is mostly used and it means defense systems approved by governments __________

3. However scientists prefer to use another, more modern term __________.

В. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста:

1. The discipline Emergency management deals with different aspects of preparing, avoiding and responding to disasters.

2. Successful crisis management integrates emergency plans worked out by government structures as well as non-governmental organizations.

3. Recovery efforts at the response phase include rebuilding of the region struck by a disaster to its former condition.

Задание V

Выполните письменно аннотацию текста.

Unit 10

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям, содержащим интернациональные корни:

ministry, official, real, date, agency, mission, publication, initiative, sphere, competence, functioning, catastrophe, training, competency, rank, territory, radiological, certification, local, pact, autonomous

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.

MINISTRY FOR THE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

The Ministry for the Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) was established on January 10, 1994 by President Boris Yeltsin. The complete official designation is Ministry of the Russian Federation for Affairs of Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief. Some consider the real date of birth of the agency as December 27, 1990, when the Russian Rescue Corps was established and assigned the mission of rapid response in the case of emergencies.

According to an EMERCOM publication, the Ministry is an agency of Federal Executive Power with the following tasks:

• developing proposals and initiatives in the sphere of State policy on issues within the Ministry's competence;

• managing the Civil Defense and Search and Rescue Service in the Russian Federation; providing for the functioning and further development of the Russian System of Disaster Management (RSDM);

• directing activities aimed at eliminating the consequences of large-scale disasters, catastrophes and other emergencies;

• conducting special submarine activities;

• supervising the use of finance resources allocated to the Government for disaster management and response;

• organizing the training of the population, and governing agencies and the RSDM forces for disaster management and response; and

• organizing international cooperation in the fields of the Ministry's competency.

The Minister in charge of EMERCOM is Sergei Shoigu. He was appointed by President Yeltsin in November 1991 as Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense Matters, Extraordinary Situations and the Liquidation of Natural Disasters. Shoigu was given the rank of Major General in October 1994, and his committee became a ministry in January 1994. President Yeltsin showed his faith in the importance of EMERCOM by designating Minister Shoigu a member of the Russian Security Council by Presidential Decree on February 1, 1994.

The Ministry consists of the following Departments:

• Department for the Protection of the Population and Territories

• Department for Disaster Prevention

• Department of Forces

• Department for International Cooperation

• Department for the Elimination of Consequences of Radiological and other Disasters

• Department for Science and Technology

• Management Department

In addition to them there are the several commissions and boards. Working through the office of the Prime Minister, the Ministry can ask for private, Ministry of Defense or Internal Forces assistance. That is, the Ministry has international coordination power and the ability to tap local resources if required.

The Department of International Cooperation, to present an example of the activities of one of these departments and commissions, has already signed agreements on cooperation during disaster response and prevention with Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, Poland, Belarus, Georgia, and Kazakhstan. Mutual assistance pacts are ready for signing with Mongolia, Latvia, Finland, Armenia, Moldova, and Estonia. An agreement also exists with the U.N. High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), and agreements are sought with the OSCE and NATO.

EMERCOM centres are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chita and Khabarovsk. Many regions, provinces, autonomous administrative units, districts and towns possess Civil Defense and Emergency Headquarters. Command and Control Centers are located in Moscow, and in each region and oblast. Training and Education Facilities include a Civil Protection Academy, Training and Methodology centres, an All-Russia Scientific Research Institute, an All-Russian Monitoring and Laboratory Control Centre, and a Centre for Scientific Analysis of Civil Defense Issues.

To perform rapid response operations the following forces and equipment are available: Central Air-Mobile Rescue Team; Civil Defense Troops; Search and Rescue Service.

Central Air-Mobile Rescue Teams are equipped with aviation facilities that include helicopters and cargo aircraft (Ilyushin Il-76 and Antonov An-72). The teams have taken part in United Nation's humanitarian delivery operations. Civil Defense Troops consist of military troop divisions and regiments stationed in various regions of the country. Search and Rescue Service maintains 30 units in various republics, regions and provinces.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

Ministry for the Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) complete official designation Ministry of the Russian Federation for Affairs of Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief Rescue Corps assign the mission rapid response case of emergencies Federal Executive Power eliminatе the consequences large-scale disaster supervise the use of finance resources extraordinary situation liquidation tap local resources commission agreement mutual assistance pact headquarters aviation facilities humanitarian delivery

- Министерство по чрезвычайным ситуациям - МЧС России - полное официальное название - Министерство по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий - спасательный корпус - придать миссию - быстрое реагирование - случай чрезвычайной необходимости - Федеральная исполнительная власть - устранять последствия - крупномасштабная катастрофа - контролировать использование финансовых средств - чрезвычайная ситуация - ликвидация - использовать местные ресурсы - комиссия - договор - договор о взаимной помощи - штаб - возможности авиации - гуманитарная - доставка

Задание I

А. Определите:

а) какой частью речи являются слова:

rapid, sign, proposal, competence, consequences, large-scale, conduct, resource, available, possess, perform, equip, aviation, include, humanitarian, delivery, military, division

б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.

Б. Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):

exist (n), proposal (v), competence (adj), manage (n), resource (adj), response (adj), possess (n), perform (n), addition (adj,v), equip (n), delivery (v), division (v)

Задание II

А. Подберите подходящую пару к словам, обозначенным цифрами. Полученные словосочетания переведите:

developing Ministry's coordination aviation military

a) competence b) regiments c) proposals d) power f) facilities

Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

directing activities eliminating the consequences large-scale disasters conducting special submarine activities supervising the use of finance resources allocated to the Government organizing the training of the population

a) контроль за использованием финансовых ресурсов b) катастрофы в большом масштабе c) руководство действиями d) ликвидация последствий e) организация учебы населения f) предназначенных для правительства g) проведение специальных подводных операций

В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова:

chairman, respond, agreements on prevention of disasters, international coordination, EMERCOM (Ministry for the Emergency Situations), tap local resources, international coordination power

1. The person in charge of the agency of Federal Executive Power responsible for the Russian System of Disaster Management is Sergei Shoigu, the _________ of the ________.

2. The main goal of the newly organized Russian Rescue Corps was to quickly _____ to the consequences of hazardous events, catastrophes and disasters.

3. One of the Ministry’s tasks is _____ ______ in the Civil Defense and Search and Rescue Service.

4. EMERCOM works in direct contact with the Prime Minister Office therefore it can ask for assistance from other Ministries, Boards, and Commissions thus acquiring ____ ____ ____and the potential and rights to ____ ____ ____ .

5. Mutual pacts on cooperation and coordination of activities during catastrophes, contracts and ____ __ ____ __ ____ have already been signed with many countries.

Задание III

А. Найдите в первом абзаце текста числительные и переведите предложения с ними.

Б. Найдите во втором абзаце текста примеры использования герундия, определите время и залог, укажите на функции.

В. Переведите следующее предложение, обращая внимание на функцию, выполняемую инфинитивом. Назовите функцию.

To perform rapid response operations the following forces and equipment are available: Central Air-Mobile Rescue Team; Civil Defense Troops; Search and Rescue Service.

Г. Найдите в тексте предложение с глаголами в страдательном залоге. Укажите время.

Д. Найдите в тексте аббревиатуры названий различных международных организаций, с которыми уже сотрудничает или планирует сотрудничество Министерство по чрезвычайным ситуациям России.

Задание IV

А. Укажите фрагмент текста, в котором говорится о задачах Министерства по чрезвычайным ситуациям России.

Б. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста:

1. The Russian Government and the Parliament (Duma) are planning to organize the Ministry for the Emergency Situations in connection with the hydro disaster at Sayano-Shushenskya hydro-power station/dam in August 2009.

2. Central Air-Mobile Rescue Teams have participated in several humanitarian operations coordinated by the United Nation's organization (by) delivering food, medicine and clothes.

3. Besides quick response to the consequences of emergencies both in our country and abroad/elsewhere the Ministry works out plans and programs for the government on issues within the Ministry's competence;

Задание V

Выполните письменный перевод предлагаемого отрывка текста:

The Department of International Cooperation, to present an example of the activities of one of these departments and commissions, has already signed agreements on cooperation during disaster response and prevention with Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, Poland, Belarus, Georgia, and Kazakhstan. Mutual assistance pacts are ready for signing with Mongolia, Latvia, Finland, Armenia, Moldova, and Estonia. An agreement also exists with the U.N. High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), and agreements are sought with the OSCE and NATO.