Алексеева_Л_М___Шайдуллина_А_Р_«Английский_язык»_Часть_III__Методические_указания_по_провед

4. 3. Тексты для чтения и изложения содержания.

SHUKHOV VLADIMIR

Vladimir Grigorievich

Shukhov was born on August

16(

28), 1853

in a small and quiet provincial town of Graivoron, at that time belonging

to Belgorod uezd (district) district of Kursk province. His father Grigory

Petrovich

Shukhov belonged to a family

where men

,from

generation

to generation, served as Russian Army officers.

ка

АГНИ

He graduated from the Law department of Kharkov University, which

е

was ranked as one of the best after St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kiev

Universities.

Owing to his education, strong

and resolute

character,

honesty,

diligence and

о

charisma Grigory Petrovichт managed to make

a wonderful career for quite a short period.

и

Following his father’s advice Vladimir Shukhov entered the Imperial

Moscow

Technical School and graduated from it with

distinction and

и

a Gold Medal. In 1880 V. G. Shoukhov was the first to fulfill industrial

flaring of liquid fuel using his ownблinvention — an oil

burner, which

allowed efficient burning of fuel oil, which had been thought as a waste

from oil refining. A young engineerб

made calculations and headed the

construction of the first Russian pipeline from Balhan oil field to Baku.

In 1891 V. G. Shoukhov

developed

and

got

a patent

for an industrial

refining unit with oil fractionsая decomposition under high temperature and

pressure.

ро

It was

the

firstннtime

when the unit performed cracking

on a liquid

phase.Vladimir Grigorievich was extremely gifted by nature. About 200

originally designed towers were built by Shukhov’s design in this country

е

and abroad, including famous Shukhov Tower in Moscow.

л

Duringктhis

lifetime

V. G. Shukhov

was

already

called

«Russian

Edisson» and " engineer number one in the Russian Empire".

Э

PATON (1870–1953)

Paton created methods used in the design of rational bridge spans,

investigated the conditions of their operation, and suggested methods for

АГНИ

restoring damaged bridges. He carried out research on the fundamentals of

welding, how to calculate the strength

of

welded structures, and the

mechanization of welding processes.

ка

е

4.4. Лексика для запоминания

т

о

fuel oil

welding

и techniques

waste

reliable

investigate

refining unit

conduct

operation

pressure

comprehensiveбл

damage

liquid

arc и

calculate

abroad

ая

asбwell as

strength

еstablish

equipment

researcher

нн

tools

ро

кт

е

л

Э

1. Грамматический материал, подлежащий усвоению

АГНИ

§32-33,

Орловская

И.В, Самсонова Л.С., Скубриева

А.И.

Учебник

английского языка для студентов технических университетов и вузов. – М.:

Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2008, – 410 с.

ка

Инфинитив и его функции

подлежащего

To read a lot is to know

Много

читать

значит

a lot

е

много знать

части сказуемого

т

сейчас

He doesn't seem to be

Каж тся, он

writing anything now

о

ничего не пишет

прямого дополнения

Do you want to go to

Вы

хотите

пойти

на

the lecture?

лекцию?

и

обстоятельства цели

My brother went to

Мой

брат

поехал

в

Leningrad to study

Ленинград учиться

определения

и

Кто

пришёл

Who was the last to

come?

бл

последним?

сложного дополнения

I want him to deal with

Я хочу, чтобы он сам

ая

занялся этим вопросом

it himselfб

2. Применение грамматических знаний

ро

2.1. Измените и переведите предложения по образцу. Определите функцию

ифинитива.

нн

Thomson was the first who discovered the electron. - Thomson was the first to

кт

discover the electron. Томсон первым открыл электрон.

е

a) Lodygin was the first who invented the electric lamp.

л

Э

b) Yuri Gagarin was the first who flew into space.

c) Samuel Morse was the first who produced a practical telegraph.

Crude oil is properly known as petroleum, and is used as fossil fuel.

Evidence indicates that millions of years of heat and pressure changed the

АГНИ

remains of microscopic plant and animal remains into oil and natural gas.

Roy

Nurmi,

an

interpretation

adviser

for

Schlumberger,

described

the

process

as

follows:

"Plankton

and

algae

(водоросль),

proteins and the life that's floating (плыть)

in the sea, as it

dies, falls to the bottom, and these organisms are going to be the source of

our oil and gas. When they're buried with the accumulating sediment and

reach an adequate temperature, something

above

50 to

70

°C

they

start

to

cook . This

transformation,

е

changes

them

this change,

into

the

т

liquid hydrocarbons that move and migrate,каwill become our

oil and gas reservoir”.

о

и

Reservoir rocks must be porous, because hydrocarbons can occur

only in pores. These rocks

must

also

be

permeable

which

means

that the

pores

are

бл

If

hydrocarbons are in

connected.

the pores of a rock, they must be able to move through them. A suitable

reservoir

rock

must

therefore

be

porous,

permeable,

and

б

contain

enough hydrocarbonsиto make

it

economically

feasible

for

the

operating

company to

drill for and produce them.

ая

(The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia

University Press. All rights reserved.)

3.2. Вопросы для уст ого обсуждения.

1) How were oil and gas formed?

2) In what racks ннcan hydrocarbons occur?

3.3. Лексика для запоминания.

responsibleроfor – ответственный за

in addition to - кроме

relatively – относительно

occur – встречаться, возникать

л

permeable – проницаемый

contentкт- содержание

fineе-grained - мелкозернистый

suitable – подходящий

сrude oil – сырая нефть

therefore – поэтому

evidence - свидетельство

feasible - обоснованный, оправданный

Э indicate - указывать

operating company – операционная

accumulate - накапливать

компания

PETROLEUM

Petroleum (L. petroleum , from Greek:

petra

(rock) + Latin: oleum

(oil)) or

crude

oil is

a

naturally

occurring, flammable

liquid

consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular

weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic

formations beneath

the Earth's surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly

through oil drilling.

ка

АГНИ

Petroleum is often called the "Mother of all

Commodities" because

е

of its importance in the manufacture of a wide variety of materials. The

term petroleum is found (in the spelling "petraoleum") in tenth-century

Old English sources.

и

т

Composition .

Petroleum

includes crudeоoil. In common

usage

it includes

all

liquid,

gaseous,

and

solid

(e.g.,

paraffin)

hydrocarbons.

и

An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural

б

gas dissolved in it. Because the pressureбл is lower at the surface than

underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered

ая

(or burned) as associated gas. A gas well produces predominantly natural

gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are

higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such

as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. At surface

conditions these will condense out of the gas to form natural gas

condensate, oftenннshortened

to condensate.

Condensate

resembles

petrol in

appearance

and

is

similar

in

composition

to

some

volatile lightроcrude oils.

л

4.3.ктЛексика для запоминания

flammableе

- легковоспламеняющийся

depend on – зависеть от

consist of – состоять из

associated gas – попутный газ

beneath – под

condense

–

сгущаться

,

Э surface – поверхность

конденсироваться

recover – извлекать

vary - изменяться

4.5. Составьте план текста. Используйте его для краткого изложения

основного содержания текста (8-10 предложений

с использованием лексики

для запоминания к тексту).

АГНИ

ПЗ-3

Тема: Нефть и газ: состав и свойства

Учебные цели: развитие навыков устной речи по теме и формирование

лексического минимума посредством чтения

адаптированных текстов,

активизация знаний об инфинитиве в функции

ка

сказу мого, дополнения и

определения.

е

т

1.

о

Грамматический материал, подлежащ й усвоению

§32-33. Орловская И.В, Самсонова Л.С., Скубриеваи

А.И. Учебник английского

языка для студентов технических университетов и вузов. – М.: Издательство

МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2008, – 410 с.

бл

2.

Применение грамматическихизнаний

б

2.1. Переведите предложения с инфинитивом в функции сказуемого

1)

To read a lot is to know a lot.

2)

ая

He doesn't work as Managing Director now.

3)

She would like to see a movie tonight.

4)

Mr. Jones wouldннrather stay home at the weekend.

2.2. Переведите предложения с инфинитивом в функции дополнения

ро

1) She had learned to dance at school.

2) He found it impossible to raise the question at the meeting.

кт

3) I don't know whether to apply for a job or not.

е

л

4) The experimental results are not easy to interpret.

Э

2.3. Переведите предложения с инфинитивом в функцииопределения

1) We shall study minerals to be obtained in this mountain.

In the 1950's, however, a few Russian scientists began questioning this

traditional view and proposed instead that petroleum could form

ка

naturally deep inside the Earth. This so-called "abiogenic" petroleum

might seep upward through cracks formed by asteroid impacts to form

т

underground pools, according to one hypothesis. Some geologists have

о

suggested probing ancient impact craters in the searchе for oil.

и

3.2. Текст для чтения и контроля пониман я прочитанного.

FORMATION OF CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS

и

Current models suggest that the dominant form of organic matter

responsible for the formation of petroleumбл and synthesis of crude oil is

derived (извлеченный) from microscopic, photosynthetic organisms

known as phytoplankton thatбlive at or near the surface of lakes and

oceans. Associated with (связанный с, относящийся к) the

phytoplankton are their microscopic predators (хищники)

known as

zooplankton. These, togetherая with land vegetation washed into lake or

near shore marine sediments (отложения), accumulate (накапливаться)

ро

over a period of ннmillions of years.

As more sediment is deposited, the organic matter is buried so that its

complete destruction by bacterial activity is prevented. During burial, a

е

number of changes (termed diagenesis) begin quickly under the influence

of bacteria.кт

Under further thermal stress and over millions of years of burial, slow

Э

water and

лreactions occur, removing oxygen as carbon dioxide and

heavy metals like vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni)

АГНИ

Вопросы для контроля понимания прочитанного и подготовки устного

высказывания по теме.

1)

What is crude oil according to the text?

2)

How was petroleum saturated rock formed?

3)

What do bacteria do with deposited sediments?

4)

What chemical element is removed while crude oil is formed?

5)

What are the main things necessary to form petroleum?

ка

6)

What petroleum product are there?

т

7)

Why are they called hydrocarbons?

8) What other elements can be found in petroleum?е

о

и

3.3. Текст для чтения и изложения содержан я с использованием терминов.

GAS

Gas is one of the three classical states of matter. Near absolute zero,

и

a substance exists as a solid. As heat is added to this substance it melt

б

into a liquid at its melting point (seeблphase change), boils into a gas at its

boiling point, and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in

ая

so

energized

that they

leave their

which the electrons are

parent atoms from within the gas.

Physical characteristics. As most gases are difficult to observe

directly with our senses, they

are

described

through

the use of

four

physical

properties

or

macroscopic characteristics: the gas’s

ро

particles (chemists group them by moles),

pressure, volume,ннnumber of

and temperature.

кт

3.4. Ле сика для запоминания

е

connate water – реликтовая вода

matter – материя

substance – вещество

fossil – ископаемое

Э

impact – воздействие

melt – таять

лboiling point – точка кипения

scaling – образование окалины или

observe – наблюдать

накипи

mud – буровой раствор

evaluation - оценка

constitute – образовывать, составлять

sample – образец

interstitial – внутрипоровый

soluble – растворимый

18

4. Задания для СРС

4.1. Грамматические упражнения

1) Переведите предложения с инфинитивом в функции сказуемого.

a)

Kate began to learn English when she was six.

b)

He continued to work at his project.

c)

His intention is to get into parliament.

d)

He is to prepare the income statement by Monday.

e)

New sources of cheap energy are to be found.

2). Переведите предложения с инфинитивом в функции дополнения

a)

The latest paper by Wittler is rather difficult to understand.

АГНИ

b)

He is happy to have passed all the exams successfully.

ка

c)

Jane is ready to give an interview.

d)

Do you want to go to the lecture?

е

e)

She likes to sing English songs.

т

3) Переведите предложения с инфинитивом в функции определения

a)

Here are some more figures to be referred to later.

b)

There was only one signal to be detected.

о

c)

There is nothing to be surprised at.

d)

Here are the papers to be signed.

и

e)

There was nobody to speak to.

б

4.2. Упр. 12 стр. 201, Орловская Ибл.В, Самсонова Л.С., Скубриева А.И.

Учебник английского языка для студентови

технических университетов и вузов.

ая

4.3. Текст для чтения, перевода и вопросы для контроля понимания

прочитанного.

нн

TATARSTAN OIL HISTORY

The end of the XVII century. The first records of oil shows and

bituminous rocks refer to that period. It was the Military Department that

first mentioned about the Kazan oil in 1637: « …43 poods (1600 lb) and

35 and a half grivnas of Kazan black oil ».

кт

1718. GotlibроShober, Peter the Great’s physician-in-ordinary, made the

е

first opinion about the Tatar oil.

л

Э

1738. Miner Ya. D. Shakhanin reported to «The Cabinet of Her

Empress’s Majesty Anna Ioannovna» about oil and saltpeter found near

Tetyushi settlement.

1753. Master sergeant Nadyr Urazmetov submitted the first application

for constructing an oil plant on the territory of his own summer residence.

1762. P. I. Rychkov, the first correspondent member

(член

корреспондент) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Science, made the first

scientific description of the Volga region oil sources.

The second half of the XVIII century. Natural resources of the Volga

Region were studied thoroughly. The Academy of Science organized

expeditions,

the subsoil

structure was studied;

the experience

of oil

economy organization was accumulated.

АГНИ

1868. Ya. Malakiyenko, a landowner from Bugulma city, and his two

sons made a lot for oil sources survey. He drilled two bore-holes near

Nizhnekarmalskaya settlement and made a contract for oil sources in

Sarabikulovo

and Shugur

villages. Malakiyenko

produced the first 80

ка

buckets of oil and produced rather good kerosene from it at his small oil

plant.

е

The 1870s. Laslo Shandor, an American entrepreneur, drilled a few

т

bore-holes. He reported to the Mining Department: «All my searches

о

were successful in the provinces of Kazan, Samara and Simbirsk. Rich

и

inexhaustible underground basins of liquid oil are found in the valleys of

the Soka and the Sheshma rivers north-east from Samara city as well as in

бл

Samarsky and Bugulminsky districts. Extended oil-stained lands are

located near Shugur and Sarabikulovo settlements».

б

1)What are the first records of oilиshows about? What period/year do they refer

to?

2)Who described the Tatar oil to Peter the Great?

3)What was found near Tetyushi settlement?

нн

4)Where did Nadyr Urazmetov want to build his oil plant?

5)When did scientist firstаяmake a dscription of the Volga region oil sources?

6)What was done after that?

ро

4.4. Подготовьте устное сообщение об истории добычи нефти в Татарстане.

кт

е

л

Э