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.txt яюG e n e r a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f C o m p u t e r s
C o m p u t e r i s a n e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e t h a t p e r f o r m s c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d p r o c e s s e s i n f o r m a t i o n . I t c a n h a n d l e v a s t a m o u n t s o f f a c t s a n d f i g u r e s a n d s o l v e c o m p l i c a t e d p r o b l e m s a t h i g h s p e e d s . T h e f a s t e s t c o m p u t e r s a r e a b l e t o p r o c e s s m i l l i o n s o f p i e c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n i n s e c o n d s . A c o m p u t e r c a n p r o c e s s m a n y k i n d s o f i n f o r m a t i o n , f r o m b o o k t i t l e s a n d c u s t o m e r a c c o u n t n u m b e r s t o c h e m i c a l f o r m u l a s a n d w o r d s f r o m a n c i e n t G r e e k t e x t s . I t h a n d l e s a l l s u c h d a t a i n t h e f o r m o f n u m b e r s . A c o m p u t e r i s a b l e t o s o l v e p r o b l e m s i n v o l v i n g w o r d s b y c h a n g i n g t h e m i n t o p r o b l e m s d e a l i n g w i t h n u m b e r s . T h e a b i l i t y o f a c o m p u t e r t o d o s o m a n y t a s k s m a k e s i t u s e f u l f o r a w i d e v a r i e t y o f p u r p o s e s . I n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s u s e c o m p u t e r s t o c o n t r o l m a c h i n e s t h a t p r o d u c e c h e m i c a l s , s t e e l p r o d u c t s , a n d n u m e r o u s o t h e r i t e m s . C o m p u t e r s a r e u s e d a s a n a v i g a t i o n a i d o n a i r p l a n e s , s h i p s , a n d s p a c e c r a f t . T h e y a l s o e n a b l e s c i e n t i s t s t o a n a l y z e d a t a r e t u r n e d b y s p a c e p r o b e s . C o m p u t e r s c a n b e u s e d a s t e a c h i n g m a c h i n e s . T h e y e v e n p r o v i d e e n t e r t a i n m e n t i n t h e f o r m o f c o m p u t e r i z e d g a m e s . A l t h o u g h a c o m p u t e r c a n d o m a n y t h i n g s , i t c a n n o t t h i n k . A h u m a n o p e r a t o r h a s t o i n s t r u c t t h e c o m p u t e r e x a c t l y w h a t t o d o w i t h t h e d a t a i t r e c e i v e s . S u c h i n s t r u c t i o n s a r e c a l l e d a p r o g r a m . A l s o , t h e o p e r a t o r m u s t f r e q u e n t l y c h e c k t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e c o m p u t e r a n d i n m a n y c a s e s , i n t e r p r e t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e . C o m p u t e r s d i f f e r g r e a t l y i n s i z e . T h e b i g g e s t o n e s h a v e t h e e q u i p m e n t t o f i l l a l a r g e r o o m . T h e s m a l l e s t c o m p u t e r s c a n b e h e l d i n a p e r s o n s h a n d . N o m a t t e r w h a t t h e i r s i z e , c a n b e h o w e v e r , a l l c o m p u t e r s h a v e c e r t a i n b a s i c p a r t s . T h e t y p i c a l c o m p u t e r h a s a n i n p u t d e v i c e , s u c h a s a n e l e c t r o n i c k e y b o a r d , t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e o p e r a t o r e n t e r s i n s t r u c t i o n s a n d d a t a . A s t o r a g e u n i t , a l s o c a l l e d a m e m o r y , r e c e i v e s t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e i n p u t d e v i c e a n d h o l d s i t u n t i l i t i s n e e d e d . A c o n t r o l u n i t s e l e c t s t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s f r o m t h e m e m o r y i n t h e i r p r o p e r s e q u e n c e a n d d i r e c t s t h e o p e r a t i o n s o f a n a r i t h m e t i c / l o g i c u n i t . I t p r o c e s s e s t h e d a t a b y m e a n s o f m a t h e m a t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d o p e r a t i o n s i n v o l v i n g l o g i c . A n o u t p u t d e v i c e t h e n t r a n s l a t e s t h e p r o c e s s e d d a t a i n t o a f o r m m e a n i n g f u l t o t h e o p e r a t o r . T y p i c a l o u t p u t e q u i p m e n t i n c l u d e s a u t o m a t i c t y p e w r i t e r s , h i g h - s p e e d p r i n t e r s , a n d v i s u a l d i s p l a y s t h a t r e s e m b l e t e l e v i s i o n s c r e e n s .
a ) S t a t e t h e p a r t o f s p e e c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s a n d t r a n s l a t e t h e m p a y i n g a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s u f f i x e s .
C a l c u l a t i o n - ( N o u n ) @0AG5B
o p e r a t o r - ( N o u n ) >?5@0B>@
v a r i e t y - ( T h e a d j e c t i v e ) @07;8G=K5
a n a l y z e - ( N o u n ) 0=0;87
g r e a t l y - ( T h e a d v e r b ) A8;L=>
a r i t h m e t i c - ( N o u n ) 0@8D<5B8:0
m e a n i n g f u l - ( T h e a d j e c t i v e ) 7=0G8<K9
f r e q u e n t l y - ( T h e a d v e r b ) @53C;O@=>
l o g i c - ( N o u n ) ;>38:0
t y p i c a l - ( T h e a d j e c t i v e ) B8?>2>9
p e r f o r m a n c e - ( N o u n ) ?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL
b ) T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s a n d w o r d - c o m b i n a t i o n s f r o m f t h e t e x t f r o m U k r a i n i a n i n t o E n g l i s h .
@8AB@V9 C2>4C - i n p u t d e v i c e
?@><8A;>2V ?V4?@8T<AB20 - I n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s
=0304C20B8 - r e s e m b l e
74V1=VABL - T h e a b i l i t y
=><5@ @0EC=:C :;VT=B0 - c u s t o m e r a c c o u n t n u m b e r s
?@>2>48B8 >1G8A;N20==O - p e r f o r m s c a l c u l a t i o n s
?5@52V@OB8 28:>=0==O - c h e c k t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
>1@>1;5=0 V=D>@<0FVO - p r o c e s s e d i n f o r m a t i o n
EV<VG=V @5G>28=8 - c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s
28@VHC20B8 A:;04=V 7040GV - s o l v e c o m p l i c a t e d t a s k s
A) S t a t e w h e t h e r t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a r e t r u e o r f a l s e :
1 . A c o m p u t e r h a n d l e s m a n y k i n d s o f i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e f o r m o f l e t t e r s .
f a l s e
2 . B a s i c p a r t s o f a c o m p u t e r d e p e n d o n i t s s i z e .
f a l s e
3 . C o m p u t e r s a r e a g r e a t a i d f o r a i r p l a n e s , s h i p s a n d s p a c e c r a f t .
t r u e
4 . A c o m p u t e r c a n d o m a n y t h i n g s a s w e l l a s t h i n k i n g .
f a l s e
5 . O n e c a n u s e a c o m p u t e r a s a t e a c h e r a n d p l a y c o m p u t e r g a m e s .
t r u e
d ) A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s t o t h e t e x t :
1 . H o w q u i c k l y c a n a c o m p u t e r h a n d l e v a s t a m o u n t s o f f a c t s a n d f i g u r e s ?
A c o m p u t e r c a n h a n d l e v a s t a m o u n t s o f f a c t s a n d f i g u r e s a n d s o l v e c o m p l i c a t e d p r o b l e m s a t h i g h s p e e d s .
2 . W h a t a r e s o m e i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f c o m p u t e r s ?
I n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s u s e c o m p u t e r s t o c o n t r o l m a c h i n e s t h a t p r o d u c e c h e m i c a l s , s t e e l p r o d u c t s , a n d n u m e r o u s o t h e r i t e m s .
3 . H o w d o e s a n o p e r a t o r i n s t r u c t a c o m p u t e r ?
A h u m a n o p e r a t o r h a s t o i n s t r u c t t h e c o m p u t e r e x a c t l y w h a t t o d o w i t h t h e d a t a i t r e c e i v e s . A l s o , t h e o p e r a t o r m u s t f r e q u e n t l y c h e c k t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e c o m p u t e r a n d i n m a n y c a s e s , i n t e r p r e t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e .
4 . W h a t a r e t h e u n i t s o f a t y p i c a l c o m p u t e r ?
T h e t y p i c a l c o m p u t e r h a s a n i n p u t d e v i c e , s u c h a s a n e l e c t r o n i c k e y b o a r d , t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e o p e r a t o r e n t e r s i n s t r u c t i o n s a n d d a t a
5 . H o w d o e s a n o u t p u t d e v i c e w o r k ?
A n o u t p u t d e v i c e t h e n t r a n s l a t e s t h e p r o c e s s e d d a t a i n t o a f o r m m e a n i n g f u l t o t h e o p e r a t o r .
e ) T r a n s l a t e t h e t e x t i n w r i t i n g .
><?LNB5@ ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 M;5:B@>==>5 CAB@>9AB2>, :>B>@>5 2K?>;=O5B @0AG5BK 8 >1@010BK205B 8=D>@<0F8N. = <>65B >1@010BK20BL >3@><=K5 >1J5<K D0:BK 8 F8D@K 8 @5H0BL A;>6=K5 ?@>1;5<K =0 2KA>:8E A:>@>ABOE. !0<K5 1KAB@K5 :><?LNB5@K A?>A>1=K >1@010BK20BL <8;;8>=K 548=8F 8=D>@<0F88 2 A5:C=4C. ><?LNB5@ <>65B >1@010BK20BL <=>3> 284>2 8=D>@<0F88, >B =0720=89 :=83 8 =><5@0 AG5B0 :;85=B0 2 E8<8G5A:8E D>@<C; 8 A;>2 87 4@52=53@5G5A:8E B5:AB>2. = >1@010BK205B 2A5 MB8 40==K5 2 2845 F8D@. ><?LNB5@ A?>A>15= @5H0BL 7040G8 =0 A;>20, 87<5=OO 8E 2 ?@>1;5<0E, A2O70==KE A G8A;0<8. !?>A>1=>ABL :><?LNB5@0, GB>1K A45;0BL B0: <=>3> 7040G, 45;05B 53> ?>;57=K< 4;O A0<KE @07;8G=KE F5;59. @><KH;5==K5 ?@54?@8OB8O 8A?>;L7CNB :><?LNB5@K 4;O C?@02;5=8O <0H8=0<8, :>B>@K5 ?@>872>4OB E8<8:0BK, 8745;8O 87 AB0;8 8 <=>65AB2> 4@C38E ?@54<5B>2. ><?LNB5@K 8A?>;L7CNBAO 2 =02830F8>==KE F5;OE =0 A0<>;5B0E, :>@01;OE, 8 :>A<8G5A:8E 0??0@0B>2. =8 B0:65 ?>72>;ONB CG5=K< 4;O 0=0;870 40==KE, 2>72@0I05<KE :>A<8G5A:8E 7>=4>2. ><?LNB5@K <>3CB 1KBL 8A?>;L7>20=K 2 :0G5AB25 CG51=KE <0H8=. =8 4065 ?@54>AB02;ONB @072;5G5=8O 2 2845 :><?LNB5@=KE 83@. %>BO :><?LNB5@ <>65B A45;0BL <=>3> 25I59, >= =5 <>65B 4C<0BL. '5;>25:- >?5@0B>@ 4>;65= ?>@CG8BL :><?LNB5@C, :0:85 8<5==> >B=>H5=8O : 40==K< >= ?>;CG05B. "0:85 8=AB@C:F88 =07K20NBAO ?@>3@0<<K. @><5 B>3>, >?5@0B>@ 4>;65= @53C;O@=> ?@>25@OBL ?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL :><?LNB5@0 8 2> <=>38E A;CG0OE, 8=B5@?@5B8@>20BL @57C;LB0BK ?@>872>48B5;L=>AB8. ><?LNB5@K A8;L=> @07;8G0NBAO ?> @07<5@C. @C?=59H85 87 =8E 5ABL >1>@C4>20=85, GB>1K 70?>;=8BL 1>;LHCN :><=0BC. !0<K5 <0;5=L:85 :><?LNB5@K <>3CB 1KBL ?@>2545=K 2 @C:8 G5;>25:0. 57028A8<> >B B>3>, GB> 8E @07<5@, <>65B 1KBL, >4=0:>, 2A5 :><?LNB5@K =5 8<5NB >?@545;5==K5 >A=>2=K5 G0AB8. "8?8G=K9 :><?LNB5@ 8<55B CAB@>9AB2> 22>40, B0:85 :0: M;5:B@>==K9 :;0280BC@K, G5@57 :>B>@K9 >?5@0B>@ 22>48B :><0=4K 8 40==K5. ;>: E@0=5=8O, :>B>@0O B0:65 =07K205BAO ?0<OB8, ?>;CG05B MBC 8=D>@<0F8N G5@57 CAB@>9AB2> 22>40 40==KE 8 C45@68205B 55 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 MB> =5>1E>48<>. ;>: C?@02;5=8O 2K18@05B 8=AB@C:F88 87 ?0<OB8 2 8E ?@028;L=>9 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 8 =0?@02;O5B 45OB5;L=>ABL 0@8D<5B8G5A:>9 / ;>38G5A:>3> CAB@>9AB20. = >1@010BK205B 40==K5 A ?><>ILN <0B5<0B8G5A:8E @0AG5B>2 8 >?5@0F89 A ;>38:>9. #AB@>9AB2> 2K2>40 70B5< ?5@52>48B >1@01>B0==K5 40==K5 2 2845 7=0G8<>3> 4;O >?5@0B>@0. "8?>2>5 >1>@C4>20=85 2KE>4 2:;NG05B 2 A51O 02B><0B8G5A:85 ?8HCI85 <0H8=:8, A:>@>AB=K5 ?@8=B5@K 8 287C0;L=KE 48A?;552, :>B>@K5 =0?><8=0NB B5;52878>==K5 M:@0=K.
C o m p u t e r i s a n e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e t h a t p e r f o r m s c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d p r o c e s s e s i n f o r m a t i o n . I t c a n h a n d l e v a s t a m o u n t s o f f a c t s a n d f i g u r e s a n d s o l v e c o m p l i c a t e d p r o b l e m s a t h i g h s p e e d s . T h e f a s t e s t c o m p u t e r s a r e a b l e t o p r o c e s s m i l l i o n s o f p i e c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n i n s e c o n d s . A c o m p u t e r c a n p r o c e s s m a n y k i n d s o f i n f o r m a t i o n , f r o m b o o k t i t l e s a n d c u s t o m e r a c c o u n t n u m b e r s t o c h e m i c a l f o r m u l a s a n d w o r d s f r o m a n c i e n t G r e e k t e x t s . I t h a n d l e s a l l s u c h d a t a i n t h e f o r m o f n u m b e r s . A c o m p u t e r i s a b l e t o s o l v e p r o b l e m s i n v o l v i n g w o r d s b y c h a n g i n g t h e m i n t o p r o b l e m s d e a l i n g w i t h n u m b e r s . T h e a b i l i t y o f a c o m p u t e r t o d o s o m a n y t a s k s m a k e s i t u s e f u l f o r a w i d e v a r i e t y o f p u r p o s e s . I n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s u s e c o m p u t e r s t o c o n t r o l m a c h i n e s t h a t p r o d u c e c h e m i c a l s , s t e e l p r o d u c t s , a n d n u m e r o u s o t h e r i t e m s . C o m p u t e r s a r e u s e d a s a n a v i g a t i o n a i d o n a i r p l a n e s , s h i p s , a n d s p a c e c r a f t . T h e y a l s o e n a b l e s c i e n t i s t s t o a n a l y z e d a t a r e t u r n e d b y s p a c e p r o b e s . C o m p u t e r s c a n b e u s e d a s t e a c h i n g m a c h i n e s . T h e y e v e n p r o v i d e e n t e r t a i n m e n t i n t h e f o r m o f c o m p u t e r i z e d g a m e s . A l t h o u g h a c o m p u t e r c a n d o m a n y t h i n g s , i t c a n n o t t h i n k . A h u m a n o p e r a t o r h a s t o i n s t r u c t t h e c o m p u t e r e x a c t l y w h a t t o d o w i t h t h e d a t a i t r e c e i v e s . S u c h i n s t r u c t i o n s a r e c a l l e d a p r o g r a m . A l s o , t h e o p e r a t o r m u s t f r e q u e n t l y c h e c k t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e c o m p u t e r a n d i n m a n y c a s e s , i n t e r p r e t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e . C o m p u t e r s d i f f e r g r e a t l y i n s i z e . T h e b i g g e s t o n e s h a v e t h e e q u i p m e n t t o f i l l a l a r g e r o o m . T h e s m a l l e s t c o m p u t e r s c a n b e h e l d i n a p e r s o n s h a n d . N o m a t t e r w h a t t h e i r s i z e , c a n b e h o w e v e r , a l l c o m p u t e r s h a v e c e r t a i n b a s i c p a r t s . T h e t y p i c a l c o m p u t e r h a s a n i n p u t d e v i c e , s u c h a s a n e l e c t r o n i c k e y b o a r d , t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e o p e r a t o r e n t e r s i n s t r u c t i o n s a n d d a t a . A s t o r a g e u n i t , a l s o c a l l e d a m e m o r y , r e c e i v e s t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e i n p u t d e v i c e a n d h o l d s i t u n t i l i t i s n e e d e d . A c o n t r o l u n i t s e l e c t s t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s f r o m t h e m e m o r y i n t h e i r p r o p e r s e q u e n c e a n d d i r e c t s t h e o p e r a t i o n s o f a n a r i t h m e t i c / l o g i c u n i t . I t p r o c e s s e s t h e d a t a b y m e a n s o f m a t h e m a t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d o p e r a t i o n s i n v o l v i n g l o g i c . A n o u t p u t d e v i c e t h e n t r a n s l a t e s t h e p r o c e s s e d d a t a i n t o a f o r m m e a n i n g f u l t o t h e o p e r a t o r . T y p i c a l o u t p u t e q u i p m e n t i n c l u d e s a u t o m a t i c t y p e w r i t e r s , h i g h - s p e e d p r i n t e r s , a n d v i s u a l d i s p l a y s t h a t r e s e m b l e t e l e v i s i o n s c r e e n s .
a ) S t a t e t h e p a r t o f s p e e c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s a n d t r a n s l a t e t h e m p a y i n g a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s u f f i x e s .
C a l c u l a t i o n - ( N o u n ) @0AG5B
o p e r a t o r - ( N o u n ) >?5@0B>@
v a r i e t y - ( T h e a d j e c t i v e ) @07;8G=K5
a n a l y z e - ( N o u n ) 0=0;87
g r e a t l y - ( T h e a d v e r b ) A8;L=>
a r i t h m e t i c - ( N o u n ) 0@8D<5B8:0
m e a n i n g f u l - ( T h e a d j e c t i v e ) 7=0G8<K9
f r e q u e n t l y - ( T h e a d v e r b ) @53C;O@=>
l o g i c - ( N o u n ) ;>38:0
t y p i c a l - ( T h e a d j e c t i v e ) B8?>2>9
p e r f o r m a n c e - ( N o u n ) ?@>872>48B5;L=>ABL
b ) T r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s a n d w o r d - c o m b i n a t i o n s f r o m f t h e t e x t f r o m U k r a i n i a n i n t o E n g l i s h .
@8AB@V9 C2>4C - i n p u t d e v i c e
?@><8A;>2V ?V4?@8T<AB20 - I n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s
=0304C20B8 - r e s e m b l e
74V1=VABL - T h e a b i l i t y
=><5@ @0EC=:C :;VT=B0 - c u s t o m e r a c c o u n t n u m b e r s
?@>2>48B8 >1G8A;N20==O - p e r f o r m s c a l c u l a t i o n s
?5@52V@OB8 28:>=0==O - c h e c k t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
>1@>1;5=0 V=D>@<0FVO - p r o c e s s e d i n f o r m a t i o n
EV<VG=V @5G>28=8 - c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s
28@VHC20B8 A:;04=V 7040GV - s o l v e c o m p l i c a t e d t a s k s
A) S t a t e w h e t h e r t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a r e t r u e o r f a l s e :
1 . A c o m p u t e r h a n d l e s m a n y k i n d s o f i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e f o r m o f l e t t e r s .
f a l s e
2 . B a s i c p a r t s o f a c o m p u t e r d e p e n d o n i t s s i z e .
f a l s e
3 . C o m p u t e r s a r e a g r e a t a i d f o r a i r p l a n e s , s h i p s a n d s p a c e c r a f t .
t r u e
4 . A c o m p u t e r c a n d o m a n y t h i n g s a s w e l l a s t h i n k i n g .
f a l s e
5 . O n e c a n u s e a c o m p u t e r a s a t e a c h e r a n d p l a y c o m p u t e r g a m e s .
t r u e
d ) A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s t o t h e t e x t :
1 . H o w q u i c k l y c a n a c o m p u t e r h a n d l e v a s t a m o u n t s o f f a c t s a n d f i g u r e s ?
A c o m p u t e r c a n h a n d l e v a s t a m o u n t s o f f a c t s a n d f i g u r e s a n d s o l v e c o m p l i c a t e d p r o b l e m s a t h i g h s p e e d s .
2 . W h a t a r e s o m e i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f c o m p u t e r s ?
I n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s u s e c o m p u t e r s t o c o n t r o l m a c h i n e s t h a t p r o d u c e c h e m i c a l s , s t e e l p r o d u c t s , a n d n u m e r o u s o t h e r i t e m s .
3 . H o w d o e s a n o p e r a t o r i n s t r u c t a c o m p u t e r ?
A h u m a n o p e r a t o r h a s t o i n s t r u c t t h e c o m p u t e r e x a c t l y w h a t t o d o w i t h t h e d a t a i t r e c e i v e s . A l s o , t h e o p e r a t o r m u s t f r e q u e n t l y c h e c k t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e c o m p u t e r a n d i n m a n y c a s e s , i n t e r p r e t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e .
4 . W h a t a r e t h e u n i t s o f a t y p i c a l c o m p u t e r ?
T h e t y p i c a l c o m p u t e r h a s a n i n p u t d e v i c e , s u c h a s a n e l e c t r o n i c k e y b o a r d , t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e o p e r a t o r e n t e r s i n s t r u c t i o n s a n d d a t a
5 . H o w d o e s a n o u t p u t d e v i c e w o r k ?
A n o u t p u t d e v i c e t h e n t r a n s l a t e s t h e p r o c e s s e d d a t a i n t o a f o r m m e a n i n g f u l t o t h e o p e r a t o r .
e ) T r a n s l a t e t h e t e x t i n w r i t i n g .
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