- •МиНиСТеРстВо образования РеСпубЛиКи беларусь
- •Contents
- •Introduction ............................................................... 6
- •Preface
- •Questions
- •Acknowledgements
- •Introduction
- •Lectures and Seminars
- •Seminar outlines Lexical units Topics for Discussion
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •3. Read the excerpt and answer the questions.
- •Recommended Reading
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •4. Match the etymological doublets:
- •5. Give adjectives of Latin origin to the following nouns:
- •Questions
- •Recommended Reading
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •Word meaning Topics for Discussion
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •In what component of meaning do these words differ?
- •Polysemy
- •Homonymy
- •Of english words
- •Recommended Reading
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •Phraseological units Topics for Discussion
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •3. Compare the inner form of the correlative units and focus on the degree of their semantic equivalence:
- •4. Explain the meanings of the following word-combinations:
- •Recommended Reading
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •Stylistic and social stratification of the english lexicon Topics for Discussion
- •Recommended Reading
- •Гальперин и.Р. Стилистика английского языка: Учебник. М., 1977.
- •Crystal d. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Printed in Italy, 1995.
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •Regional varieties of the english language: Lexical differences Topics for Discussion
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •1. Read the excerpt and dwell on the influence the two varieties (British and American) have had on each other. American and british english
- •2. Give the American spelling of the following words and describe the main patterns of spelling differences between the two variants (use dictionaries):
- •5. Match the words with the same denotational meaning. State which of the words and word-combinations given below are used in British English /American English:
- •Recommended Reading
- •Ways of enriching and expanding the English lexicon Topics for Discussion
- •Key Terms
- •5. Make up a list of productive prefixes and suffixes with examples.
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •1. Pay attention to some widely used abbreviations:
- •Questions
- •Recommended Reading
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •Recommended Reading Manuals of Lexicology
- •Encyclopedias of Language and Dictionaries of Linguistic Terms
- •Ministry of education of the republic of belarus
Polysemy
Topics for Discussion
Semantic change in English. Causes, nature and results of semantic change.
Polysemy in English. Causes of polysemy.
Polysemy and frequency.
Semantic structure of polysemantic words. Types of meaning (diachronic approach to polysemy, synchronic approach to polysemy).
Polysemy and context. Types of context (lexical context, grammatical context).
Semantic structure of correlative words in different languages.
Polysemy in synchronic and diachronic dictionaries.
Key Terms
ambiguity
lexical ambiguity
amelioration of meaning
analogy
basic meaning
central/main/major meaning
context (verbal context, context of situation)
contiguity
derived/secondary meaning
deterioration/pejoration of meaning
direct meaning
disambiguation
extension/generalization of meaning
figurative meaning
lexical-semantic variant
metaphor (metaphoric meaning)
metaphtonymy
metonymy (metonymic meaning)
minor meaning
multiple meaning
narrowing/restriction/specialization of meaning
nominative meaning
original/primary meaning
similarity
systematic polysemy
transfer
Tasks and Exercises
Define polysemy as a linguistic phenomenon.
Give working definitions of the key terms with examples.
Comment on the semantic processes that were at work in the following words:
|
arrive bird boor camp cowboy deer doctrine engine fowl gay hound knave knight lord |
marshal meat minister office place queen revolutionary silly starve target teach thing Tory villain. |
Prove that the meanings in the following polysemantic words are related: hand, head, heavy, table. (Use the dictionaries.)
Comment on the semantic structure of the following words from the synchronic point of view: cat, dog, hand, head, mouth, nose. Find points of similarity in the semantic relationship between the meanings of different words.
Comment on the types of meaning (metaphoric/ metonymic) in the following items:
the arm of a chair
cold voice
loud colours
the eye of a needle
the foot of the mountain
the head of a pin
sweet temper
black deeds
to devour a detective story
to burn with anger
the hands of a clock
every head of cattle
to have a good head for figures
Compare the semantic structure of correlative words (e.g. black, cat, hand, etc.) in English – Belarusian – Russian and comment on the points of similarity and difference.
Analyse the semantic structure of the word table in diachronic and synchronic dictionaries paying attention to the order of meanings.
Questions
What are the causes of polysemy?
Polysemy is a semantic universal, isn’t it?
What are the causes of semantic change?
What are the patterns of polysemy for English, Belarusian and Russian words denoting animal names, parts of the body, and colour terms?
How can one distinguish between different meanings of a polysemantic word and different usage of the word?
What role does context play in determining the meaning of words?
What is understood by verbal context?
What is understood by context of situation?
Why is it necessary to compare/contrast foreign and native languages?
Recommended Reading
Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие / На англ. яз. М., 1999.
Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр яз. / На англ. яз. М., 1986.
Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекель С.С., Князева Г.Ю. и др. Лексикология английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / На англ. яз. М., 1979.
Лещева Л.М. Лексическая полисемия: история изучения, актуальные проблемы и перспективы исследования. Серия „Лекции преподавателей”. Мн., 1994. № 2.
Лещева Л.М. Лексическая полисемия в когнитивном аспекте. Мн., 1996.
Литвин Ф.А. Многозначность слова в языке и речи. М., 1984
Медникова Э.М. Значение слова и методы его описания: Учеб. пособие. М., 1974.
Палмер Ф.Р. Семантика: Oчерк. М., 1987.
Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.
Тексты по лексической семантике: Хрестоматия по лексикологии английского языка. На англ. яз. / С.А. Игнатова, А.П. Клименко и др. / Под ред. А.П.Клименко. Мн., 1998.
Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. Мн., 1992.
RecommendedDictionaries
Англа-беларуска-рускі слоўнік / Т.М.Суша, А.К.Шчука, А.У.Таболіч, В.М.Федасеева; Пад агул. рэд. Т.М.Сушы, А.К.Шчукі. Мн., 1989.
Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. М., 1969.
Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.Н.Ярцева. М., 1990.
Новый Большой англо-русский словарь. В 3-х т. / Ю.Д. Апресян, Э.М. Медникова, А.В. Петрова и др. Под общим рук. Ю.Д. Апресяна. М., 1997.
Collins Cobuild English Dictionary. London, 1995.
The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Bombay, 1987.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow, 1995.
The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. A.S. Hornby / Ed. J. Crowther. Oxford, 1995.
The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford, 1974. Vol. 1, 2.