- •МиНиСТеРстВо образования РеСпубЛиКи беларусь
- •Contents
- •Introduction ............................................................... 6
- •Preface
- •Questions
- •Acknowledgements
- •Introduction
- •Lectures and Seminars
- •Seminar outlines Lexical units Topics for Discussion
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •3. Read the excerpt and answer the questions.
- •Recommended Reading
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •4. Match the etymological doublets:
- •5. Give adjectives of Latin origin to the following nouns:
- •Questions
- •Recommended Reading
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •Word meaning Topics for Discussion
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •In what component of meaning do these words differ?
- •Polysemy
- •Homonymy
- •Of english words
- •Recommended Reading
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •Phraseological units Topics for Discussion
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •3. Compare the inner form of the correlative units and focus on the degree of their semantic equivalence:
- •4. Explain the meanings of the following word-combinations:
- •Recommended Reading
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •Stylistic and social stratification of the english lexicon Topics for Discussion
- •Recommended Reading
- •Гальперин и.Р. Стилистика английского языка: Учебник. М., 1977.
- •Crystal d. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Printed in Italy, 1995.
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •Regional varieties of the english language: Lexical differences Topics for Discussion
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •1. Read the excerpt and dwell on the influence the two varieties (British and American) have had on each other. American and british english
- •2. Give the American spelling of the following words and describe the main patterns of spelling differences between the two variants (use dictionaries):
- •5. Match the words with the same denotational meaning. State which of the words and word-combinations given below are used in British English /American English:
- •Recommended Reading
- •Ways of enriching and expanding the English lexicon Topics for Discussion
- •Key Terms
- •5. Make up a list of productive prefixes and suffixes with examples.
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •1. Pay attention to some widely used abbreviations:
- •Questions
- •Recommended Reading
- •Recommended Dictionaries
- •Recommended Reading Manuals of Lexicology
- •Encyclopedias of Language and Dictionaries of Linguistic Terms
- •Ministry of education of the republic of belarus
Recommended Dictionaries
Англо-русский идеографический словарь / Т.И. Шаталова. М., 1994.
Апресян Ю.Д. и др. Англо-русский синонимический словарь. М., 1979.
Lehnert M. Reverse Dictionary of Present-Day English. Leipzig, 1973.
McArthur T. Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English. London, 1982.
The Oxford-Duden Pictorial English Dictionary. New York, 1982.
Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases. London, 1982.
Webster’s New Dictionary of Synonyms (with Antonyms). USA, 1984.
Phraseological units Topics for Discussion
The domain of phraseology.
Criteria of phraseological units.
Classification of phraseological units (V. Vinogradov, N. Amosova, V. Koonin, A. Smirnitsky, etc.).
The sources of phraseological units.
Semantic relations in phraseology: synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy.
The inner form of correlative phraseological units in different languages (English, Belarusian, Russian, etc.) and the problem of their semantic equivalence.
Key Terms
aphorism cliche collocation functional unity idiom clause idiom phrase idiom sentence idiom idiom proper idiomaticity lack of motivation |
phrasal verbs phraseme phraseological unit phraseological variants proverb quotation ready-made character saying semantic unity set (fixed) expression stability |
Tasks and Exercises
Read the excerpt and discuss the suggested classification.
Фразеологическое значение не может реализоваться вне определенных структур. В английском языке имеется семь основных структурных типов фразеологизмов.
1. Одновершинные1 ФЕ, т.е. обороты, состоящие из одной знаменательной и одной служебной лексемы или одной знаменательной и двух или трех служебных лексем (at large — в целом, весь; by the way — между прочим; out of the way — отдаленный). Под служебными имеются в виду лексемы, не функционирующие в качестве самостоятельных членов предложения и служащие для связи слов в предложении (предлоги, союзы), а также для характеристики числа, определенности или неопределенности существительных (артикли).
2. ФЕ со структурой подчинительного или сочинительного словосочетания (burn one’s fingers — обжечься на чем-л.; high and mighty — сильные мира сего).
3. ФЕ с частичнопредикативной структурой2 (т.е. лексема + придаточное предложение): ships that pass in the night — мимолетные встречи (ср. разошлись как в море корабли).
4. ФЕ со структурой придаточного предложения: when pigs fly (разг.) — когда свиньи полетят, никогда; @ когда рак свистнет.
5. Номинативно-коммуникативные ФЕ, т.е. глагольные обороты со структурой словосочетания с глаголом в инфинитиве и со структурой предложения с глаголом в страдательном залоге (break the ice (сломать лед) — the ice is broken).
6. ФЕ со структурой простого или сложного предложения (birds of a feather flock together @ рыбак рыбака видит издалека; do you see any green in my eye? — неужели я вам кажусь таким легковерным? God damn it! черт возьми!, проклятье!, тьфу, пропасть!; if you run after two hares, you will catch neither — за двумя зайцами погонишься, ни одного не поймаешь).
7. Эквиваленты предложения3, т.е. некоторые структурные типы междометных оборотов, имеющих силу высказывания и характеризующихся самостоятельной интонацией (by George! — видит бог!, честное слово!; my foot! – так я и поверил!
(From: А.В. Кунин Курс фразеологии современного английского языка. М., 1986. С. 119.)
2. State the type of phraseological units in accordance with the classifications. See whether the phraseological units fit into the schemes of the suggested types of units. Find equivalents in Russian and Belarusian.
black Friday
Indian summer
to fall out (with)
to kick the bucket
to make up (a quarrel)
a skeleton in the cupboard
to have a bee in one’s bonnet
an/one’s Achilles’ heel
Hobson’s choice
the early bird / it is the early bird that catches the worm / the early bird catches the worm
to fish in troubled waters
the salt of the Earth
a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
a free hand
to live from hand to mouth
the salt of the earth
by Lord!
a pot (a crock) of gold
all that glitters / glisters is not gold
to lead somebody by the nose
one’s better half / your better half / your other half
to pass the Rubicon
a Pandora’s box