The Structure of an Abstract

1. Introduction

Questions

A. Background of the research

Why is your research reasonable?

B. Research problem or research questions

Why did you carry out your research and why are you writing this paper?

C. Gap or lack of research in the field

What gap in the current knowledge do you hope to fill? More common in social sciences and almost required in dissertation writing to show that your thesis is a significant document.

D. Purpose of the paper

Many sciences and engineering abstracts do not have much background but start with the purpose of the research or even the method.

E. Description of the paper

What is the innovative contribution of your work? What did you do and achieve? What makes it different from previous research? Summarizes what the paper does.

2. Methods

Methods sections are generally longer in Dissertations. Smaller in other abstracts.

3. Results

What is new compared to previous results?

Many scientific abstracts concentrate more on the results rather than the Introduction or Conclusion.

4. Discussion /Conclusion

Main contribution of the paper. May be hard to distinguish from results.

1. Blueprint: introduction of topics or issues that will be discussed

More likely in papers that are not based on an experimental design and in the social sciences.

2. Recommendations

What are your conclusions and recommendations? More common in social sciences, medicine and nursing. Recommendations to change policies, etc.

3. Implications

What does this all mean? What do you plan to do next? Importance of the results for the field as a whole.

Effects of Microwave Radiation on Oil Recovery

Abdollah Esmaeili

Islamic Azad University – Omidieh Branch, Omidieh, Iran

Abstract

1. The separation of oil from water and solids using gravitational settling methods is typically incomplete.

2. This paper presents a critical review of Microwave radiation method for oil recovery. A variety of oil recovery methods have been developed and applied to mature and depleted reservoirs in order to improve the efficiency. Microwave radiation oil recovery method is a relatively new method and has been of great interest in the recent years. Crude oil is typically co-mingled with suspended solids and water. To increase oil recovery, it is necessary to remove these components.

3. High-frequency microwave recycling process can recover oil and gases from oil shale, residual oil, drill cuttings, tar sands oil, contaminated dredge/sediments, tires and plastics with significantly greater yields and lower costs than are available utilizing existing known technologies. This process is environmentally friendly, fuelgenerating recycler to reduce waste, cut emissions, and save energy.

4. Oil-in-water and oil-water-solid emulsions can be demulsified and separated into their individual layers by microwave radiation. The data also show that microwave separation is faster than gravity separation and can be faster than conventional heating at many conditions. After separation of emulsion into water and oil layers, water can be discharged and oil is collected.

Keywords: Microwave radiation, oil recovery, depleted reservoirs, Efficiency, improve, technology

Experimental investigations of variations in petrophysical rock properties due to carbon dioxide flooding in oil heterogeneous low permeability carbonate reservoirs

Abdul Razag Y. Zekri • Shedid A. Shedid •

Reyadh A. Almehaideb

Abstract

1. The results indicated that the application of SC-CO₂ flooding under secondary and tertiary modes reduces porosity and permeability, alters relative permeability to a more waterwet condition, and reduces the oil/water IFT as a function of pore volume injected. Furthermore, the extracted components of the crude oil were also proven to be a function of injected CO₂ pore volume.

2. The applications of the attained results of this study provide much better understanding of different variation occurring in oil reservoirs under SC-CO₂ injection and can be used effectively to validate and improve numerical simulation studies.

3. Carbon dioxide has been successfully applied worldwide as an enhanced oil recovery process. Several important factors still have not been studied thoroughly. Therefore, this experimental study was carried out to investigate the variations in petrophysical reservoir rock properties of oil heterogeneous low permeability carbonate reservoirs. The main objectives of this experimental study are to investigate the effects of CO₂ injection in tight limestone reservoir rocks on porosity, absolute and relative permeability, oil–water interfacial tension (IFT), reflective index, and reservoir water shielding phenomenon.

4. Actual rock and fluid samples from an oil field in Abu Dhabi, UAE, are used to conduct this study at similar reservoir conditions of 4,000 psia and 250 _F. Oil recovery, permeability, porosity, and relative permeability were measured before and after the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) flood to examine the effects of SC-CO₂ flood on the variation in different oil and rock properties of tight composite limestone reservoir rocks.

5. Detailed compositional analysis of initial and produced oil samples of core flood experiments were analyzed using gas chromatography to assess the mechanism of CO₂ improved oil recovery.

Key words:________________________________________________

Evaluation on fracturing effects in a low-permeability reservoir using acoustic logging data

Huang m. Baohua, Chen Hao, Han Jianqiang and He Xiao

Abstract

Low-permeability reservoirs are frequently discovered in worldwide petroleum exploration. More than 50% of oil and gas reservoirs are of low permeability. Formation fracturing technique is the most common way to develop oil production in this type of reservoirs. The fracturing effect, however, is hard to be evaluated in practice. And thus arguments always exist between constructors and geologists. We developed a favorable method to evaluate the effect from the reservoir anisotropy analysis results provided by cross dipole logging technique. The data will be measured in an open hole or a borehole when formation is before and after fractured, respectively. The formation anisotropy can be estimated from the logging data. The fracturing effects can thus be evaluated by comparing the results of perforation intervals. Small differences of anisotropy estimation results indicate failure fracturing; while good fracturing effect can be confirmed if the anisotropy of a fracturing reservoir is stronger than before. Fracturing intervals can also be predicted by the anisotropy curves of a fracturing reservoir as well as the new oil production. This approach has been applied for the evaluation of deep tight reservoirs in Daqing Oilfield and low-permeability reservoirs in Hailar. Efficient evaluation results have been obtained, which provided useful information to geologists for further explorations.

Key words: ___________________________________________________________