Application Rules

Recommended concentrations of the preparation (g/1) for the following finish processes:

- anti-crease finish (ACF) 100 - 240;

- anti-shrinkage chemical finish (ASCF) 80 - 200;

- Schreiner-silky finish (SSF) 140 -170;

- stable calendaring effects (embossing, glossing) 150 -160;

- with weakly washing-off finishing agent based on thermoreactive resins (WWTR, WW) 50 - 70.

- modified derivative of hydroxyethylene urea, moderately dangerous substance, used for final low-formaldehyde finish of the fabrics made of cellulose fibers, their blends with the synthetic ones and for communication of the non-creasing effect in dry and wet state to them. Mass fraction of free formaldehyde: not more than 1%; mass fraction of non-volatile substances, 48-52 %.

Application Rules

Recommended concentrations of the preparation (g/1) for the following finish processes:

- with weakly washing-off finishing based on thermoreactive resins (WWTR, WW) 25-60;

- light ironing (LI) 80-120;

- anti-shrinkage chemical finish (ASCF) 60 -180;

- Schreiner-silky finish (SSF) 120 - 150;

- stable calendering effects ( embossing, glossing) 120 - 140; -low-shrinkage finish of heavy fabrics 80 - 120.

Fortex - used for final low-formaldehyde finish of fabrics, moderately dangerous substance. Composition Pre-baker of the thermoreactive resin based on hydroxyethylene urea derivative with instilled catalyst

Mass fraction of non-volatile substances: not less than 40 %; mass fraction of free formaldehyde: not more than 0,2 %.

Application Rules

Recommended concentrations (g/1) for the following finish processes:

- with weakly washing-off finishing agent (MA, MAPC) 30 - 80;

- light ironing (LI) 80-140;

- anti-shrinkage chemical finish (ASCF) 80 -180;

- Schreiner-silky finishes (SSF) 130 - 160;

- stable calendering effects ( embossing, glossing) 80-150;

- low-shrinkage finish of heavy fabrics 80 -140. The preparation does not require catalyst usage.

7. Dyeing from Emulsions

Dyeing from emulsions water-perchloroethylene (PCE) one of the methods of dyeing from organic solvents, where PCE is the external phase. The water content of the emulsion must not exceed 3 % by weight, and should preferably be be­tween 0.5 and 3.0 % by weight. The viscosity of the liquor should not change during the dyeing process. We shall discuss a number all different dyeing systems, all of which, however, agree in respect of two fact that they are based on PCE liquors containing 0.5—3 % by weight water.

Dyeing from emulsions is important for fibers, where the water acts not only as a solvent, dispersant and as a transmitting medium for the dyestuff, but also as a catalyst, fiber-swelling agent and carrier of ionic reactions. Hence dyeing from organic solvents is mainly effected from emulsions in two cases of fibers which are dyed according to an ionic mechanism or which required water for swelling. This includes cellulosic and protein fibers, e.g. cotton, regenerated cellulose, wool and silk, and also polyamide, polyacrylonitril and polyester fibers with ionic groups.

But the presence of water can also exercise a catalytic effect, or enhance the color depth, when normal polyester fibers are dyed with disperse dyes from organic solvents.

Exhaustion methods are equilibrium processes which take place at elevated temperatures. Hence investigations into the dyeing from emulsions must go into the problem of stability of emulsions, and of the influence exercised on emulsions by different temperatures. On the other hand, the exhaustion method requires either movement of the goods in the liquor, or vice versa. Contrary to dyeing from aqueous solutions, the mechanical treatment and movement of the emulsion dye liquor will not only promote rapid and uniform establishment of the dyeing equilibrium, but also a change in the fine dispersion of the emulsion. When dyeing from emulsions, the choice of the equipment depends not only on the kind of the goods to be dyed, but the equipment itself determines whether a particular emulsion is useful or not.

Emulsions are two-phase systems. They consist of two phases which are mixed with each other and separated by interfaces. The phases differ from one another in respect of density, refractive index, solubility, wetting capacity, boiling point etc. De pending upon the solubility, the dyestuff in emulsion dye liquor will be either in the external organic or the internal aqueous phase. If the dyestuff is soluble neither in water nor in perchloroethylene, it can also be present as a finely dispersed pigment in the aqueous or in the perchloroethylene phase, depending upon the dispersing agent. If the dye liquor contains both solvent-soluble and water-soluble dyestuffs, both phases can act as dyestuff carriers independent of each other.

Equilibrium can exist between the dye-stuff concentration of the aqueous phase and the dyestuff concentration of the organic phase. The position of such equilibrium depends upon the kind of dyestuff, the pH of the aqueous phase, and the kind and concentration of the emulsifier or of hydrotropic solvent» which may be present. During the dyeing process the distribution of the dye-stuff between the aqueous and the organic phase may change, depending is easily removed in open systems. In that case the dyeing temperature cannot exceed 87"C until all water has been removed. In a closed pressure plant, the dyeing emulsion can also be heated above 87 °C without disintegrating, provided it is ensured that the water condensing above the aqueous phase is returned to the system. If non-pressurized systems are coupled with a water circulation system by continuous spraying of the condensate into the dye liquor, temperatures above 87 °C can also be obtained in non-pressurized emulsion liquors by overheating. But if the water is removed from an emulsion system which contains water-soluble dyestuff, the dye will settle out on the goods and produce stains.

Another advantage of solvent-soluble dyestuffs is the easy preparation of the dye liquor, the good washing-off properties of the unfixed portion of the dyestuff, and the relatively low amount of water and auxiliaries required.