Английский - 2курс_3семестр_physics

10)As Fiona … (wash) the glass, she … (cut) her finger.

11)Mother … (break) the vase while she … (dust) it.

12)My brother … (build) a sandcastle while I … (swim) in the sea.

3. Put the verbs in brackets into the past indefinite or the present perfect.

Well-known pop singer Zippy Spring 1) …has recently signed…

(recently/sign) a new record deal with Star Records in London.

Zippy‘s success 2) … (begin) five years ago when he 3) … (record) a song which 4) … (go) to the top of the charts. However, he 5) … (have) a car accident six months ago and 6) … (stay) in hospital for a long time.

He 7) … (make) his first public appearance three weeks ago and 8) …

(thank) his fans for all their love and support.

The music he plays 9) … (be) popular with older people since the beginning of his career, but recently younger people 10) … (start) to take an interest too.

Zippy 11) … (sign) the deal last week but he 12) … (already/write) a number of songs for his new record. He 13) … (just/announce) that he 14) …

(start) to plan his next European tour.

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the present indefinite or future indefinite.

1)I …will/’ll help… (help) you with the shopping before I … (go) to the gym.

2)I … (not/be) at home when my parents … (have) the dinner party.

3)Karen … (go) to the airport after she … (finish) work on Friday night.

4)When we … (arrive) on the island, we … (go) straight to the beach.

5)They … (buy) a new car when they … (sell) their old one.

6)When Bob and Marie … (get) married next month, they … (move) into their

new house.

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5. Choose the correct item.

1) We …B… on holiday next weekend.

6.Rewrite the following sentences in the passive.

1)You must wash the car today.

The car must be washed today.

2)They are taking him to hospital now.

3)Who will make the speech?

4)The cat has destroyed the flowers.

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5)Shakespeare wrote ‗Hamlet‘.

6)Someone sent Susan a red rose.

7)The fire had burnt down the house by the time the fire brigade arrived.

8)Who invented the television?

7. Turn from direct into reported speech. Use an appropriate introductory verb

where necessary.

1)Janet said, ‗I‘m leaving for Jamaica tomorrow.‘

Janet said that she was leaving for Jamaica the following day.

2)Paul said to me, ‗Open the door for me, please.‘

3)Anna said, ‗Let‘s go ice-skating this weekend.‘

4)‗What time is it?‘ he said to me.

5)Jonathan said to them, ‗Please, please don‘t go without me.‘

6)Amanda said to me, ‗I have found a new job.‘

7)Samantha said to Tim, ‗I‘ll send you a postcard from Italy.‘

8)Mother said, ‗I‘ll bake a cake for the party.‘

9)The fire-fighter said to the people, ‗Don‘t go into the house.‘

10)Brian said, ‗No, I won‘t type the report.‘

11)‗Can you give me a lift?‘ she asked her father.

8. Translate into English using the Passive Voice.

1)Його виховала сестра.

2)Не хвилюйся, йому допоможуть у роботі.

3)У нашому районі будують три школи.

4)Коли я повернусь додому, усі мої валізи вже будуть зібрані.

5)Хіба цей твір був написаний до того, як ви зробили доповідь?

6)Нас провели до зали та запропонували гарні місця.

7)Цей міст ще будується.

8)Коли я почав їм допомагати, статтю вже перекладали.

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UNIT 14

Temperature

Read the text and be ready to answer teacher’s questions.

Answer the following questions

1)What is temperature?

2)How do we measure temperature?

3)How does a mercury thermometer operate?

4)What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

5)What is the most useful temperature scale in scientific work?

Thermal equilibrium

We use the term temperature casually, but what is it exactly? Roughly speaking, temperature is a measure of how concentrated the heat energy is in an object. A large, massive object with very little heat energy in it has a low temperature.

But physics deals with operational definitions, i.e., definitions of how to measure the thing in question. How do we measure temperature? One common feature of all temperature-measuring devices is that they must be left for a while in contact with the thing whose temperature is being measured. When you take your temperature with a fever thermometer, you wait for the mercury inside to come up to the same temperature as your body. The thermometer actually tells you the temperature of its own working fluid (in this case the mercury). In general, the idea of temperature depends on the concept of thermal equilibrium. When you mix cold eggs from the refrigerator with flour that has been at room temperature, they rapidly reach a compromise temperature. What determines this compromise temperature is conservation of energy, and the amount of energy required to heat or cool each substance by one degree. But without even having constructed a temperature scale, we can see that the important point is

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the phenomenon of thermal equilibrium itself: two objects left in contact will approach the same temperature. We also assume that if object A is at the same temperature as object B, and B is at the same temperature as C, then A is at the same temperature as C. This statement is sometimes known as the zeroth law of thermodynamics, so called because after the first, second, and third laws had been developed, it was realized that there was another law that was even more fundamental.

Thermal expansion

The familiar mercury thermometer operates on the principle that the mercury, its working fluid, expands when heated and contracts when cooled. In general, all substances expand and contract with changes in temperature. The zeroth law of thermodynamics guarantees that we can construct a comparative scale of temperatures that is independent of what type of thermometer we use. If a thermometer gives a certain reading when it‘s in thermal equilibrium with object A, and also gives the same reading for object B, then A and B must be the same temperature, regardless of the details of how the thermometer works.

What about constructing a temperature scale in which every degree represents an equal step in temperature? The Celsius scale has 0 as the freezing point of water and 100 as its boiling point. The hidden assumption behind all this is that since two points define a line, any two thermometers that agree at two points must agree at all other points. In reality if we calibrate a mercury thermometer and an alcohol thermometer in this way, we will find that a graph of one thermometer‘s reading versus the other is not a perfectly straight y = x line. The subtle inconsistency becomes a drastic one when we try to extend the temperature scale through the points where mercury and alcohol boil or freeze. Gases, however, are much more consistent among themselves in their thermal expansion than solids or liquids, and the noble gases like helium and neon are

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more consistent with each other than gases in general. Continuing to search for consistency, we find that noble gases are more consistent with each other when their pressure is very low.

The Celsius scale is not just a comparative scale but an additive one as well: every step in temperature is equal, and it makes sense to say that the difference in temperature between 18 and 28 °C is the same as the difference between 48 and 58.

Absolute zero and the Kelvin scale

We find that if we extrapolate a graph of volume versus temperature, the volume becomes zero at nearly the same temperature for all gases: -273 °C. Real gases will all condense into liquids at some temperature above this, but an ideal gas would achieve zero volume at this temperature, known as absolute zero. The most useful temperature scale in scientific work is one whose zero is defined by absolute zero, rather than by some arbitrary standard like the melting point of water. The ideal temperature scale for scientific work, called the Kelvin scale, is the same as the Celsius scale, but shifted by 273 degrees to make its zero coincide with absolute zero. Scientists use the Celsius scale only for comparisons or when a change in temperature is all that is required for a calculation. Only on the Kelvin scale does it make sense to discuss ratios of temperatures, e.g., to say that one temperature is twice as hot as another.

Guess

You open an astronomy book and encounter the equation

(light emitted) = (constant) × T4

for the light emitted by a star as a function of its surface temperature. What temperature scale is implied?

Make a plan of the text. Retell the text using your plan.

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GRAMMAR

Review of Verbals

1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the –ing form.

Last weekend I went 1) …camping… (camp) with my brother. I expected 2) … (have) a terrible time, but, in fact, I didn‘t want 3) … (go) home at the end of the trip. We managed 4) … (put up) our tent by ourselves and we were very pleased 5) … (see) that it didn‘t fall down again! After we had finished 6) … (put up) the tent, we began 7) … (make) some sandwiches because we were very hungry after all that hard work! During the weekend we went 8) … (swim) in the river and we went 9) … (walk) in the countryside. We had a lovely time. 10) … (camp) is great!

2. Fill in the gaps with too or enough.

1)I‘m not old …enough… to go to nightclubs.

2)I‘m not lucky … to have my own bedroom. I share it with my sister.

3)My brother is … young to go to school. He‘s still a baby.

4)The bag is … heavy for me to carry.

5)The books are small … to put in this box.

6)It is … hot to wear a jacket today.

3. Correct the mistakes.

1)He is the man who‘s daughter won the competition.

2)I want he to help me in the garden.

3)Did you hear him to shout?

4)We went to the bakery for to buy some bread.

5)Would you like me do the washing-up?

6)When have you met her?

7)He is tired because he has painted the gate since this morning.

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4. Open the brackets using the participle.

1) (to translate) by a good specialist, the story preserved all the sparkling humour of the original.

Translated by a good specialist, the story preserved all the sparkling humour of the original.

2) (to approve) by the critics, the young author‘s story was accepted by a thick magazine.

3)(to wait) for some time in the hall, he was invited into the living-room.

4)She went to work, (to leave) the child with the nurse.

5)(to phone) the agency, he left (to say) he would be back in two hours.

6)(to be) so far away from home, he still felt himself part of the family.

7)She looked at the enormous bunch of roses with a happy smile, never (to give) such a wonderful present.

8)(not to wish) to discuss that difficult and painful problem, he changed the conversation.

9)(to write) in very bad handwriting, the letter was difficult to read.

10)They reached the oasis at last, (to walk) across the endless desert the whole day.

5. Translate the following words into English using participles and gerunds.

Приносящий, принесенный, принося, принеся, переводящий,

переведенный, переводя, переведя, давая, написав, читающий, берущий,

данный, прочитав, сделанный, пьющий, сказанный, будучи потерянным,

нарисовав, делая, взятый, взяв, рисуя, выпитый, сделав, идя, пишущий,

прочитанный, дав, рисующий, делающий, нарисованный, выпив,

говорящий, беря, написанный, читая, идущий, дающий, сказав, сидевший,

посмотрев, будучи забыт, строящий, рассказавший, видя, принесший,

будучи принесенными, построенный, продав.

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PROBLEM SOLVING

1. (a) Show that under conditions of standard pressure and temperature, the volume of a sample of an ideal gas depends only on the number of molecules in it.

(b) One mole is defined as 6.0 × 1023 atoms. Find the volume of one mole of an ideal gas, in units of liters, at standard temperature and pressure (0 °C and 101 kPa).

2. (a) A helium atom contains 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 2 neutrons. Find the mass of a helium atom.

(b)Find the number of atoms in 1 kg of helium.

(c)Helium gas is monoatomic. Find the amount of heat needed to raise the

temperature of 1 kg of helium by 1 degree C. (This is known as helium‘s heat capacity at constant volume.)

3. (a) Determine the ratio between the escape velocities from the surfaces of the earth and the moon.

(b) The temperature during the lunar daytime gets up to about 130 °C. In the extremely thin (almost nonexistent) lunar atmosphere, estimate how the typical velocity of a molecule would compare with that of the same type of molecule in the earth‘s atmosphere. Assume that the earth‘s atmosphere has a temperature of 0 °C.

(c) Suppose you were to go to the moon and release some fluorocarbon gas, with molecular formula CnF2n+2. Estimate what is the smallest fluorocarbon molecule (lowest n) whose typical velocity would be lower than that of an N2 molecule on earth in proportion to the moon‘s lower escape velocity. The moon would be able to retain an atmosphere made of these molecules.

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