Vocabulary List

fatal(a) - смертельный relate(v) - иметь отношение к чему-либо

incidence(n) - распространение occur(v) - случаться, происходить

parturition (n) - роды, отёл level (n) - уровень

variable (a) - изменчивый moderate (a) - умеренный

observe(v) - наблюдать, замечатьdrycow– сухостойная корова

area(n) площадь, зона, областьsusceptible(a) - восприимчивый

fertilize (v) – удобрять loss (n) потеря

nitrogen (n) – азот lose(v) (lost) – терять

danger (n) - опасность dangerous (a) - опасный

after wintering indoors – после зимовки в помещении ewe (n) - овца

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text "Lactation Tetany" , answer the questions:

1. Does lactation tetany occur only in animals at pasture?

1. Does lactation tetany affect animals in winter or in spring?

1. Are fertilized pastures most dangerous?

2. Is the disease related to parturition?

3. Are animals of 4- to 7-year age group most susceptible?

Exercise 2. Answer the questions in Russian and in English:

1. When does the disease occur in housed cattle?

1. What may be morbidity rate in particular areas?

2. When do most cases occur?

3. What pastures are most dangerous?

4. Why is the disease known as "lactation tetany"?

5. What are the most susceptible animals?

B. Ketosis of Ruminants

(Bovine Ketosis; Acetonemia)

We know ketosis of dairy cattle to be prevalent in most countries where intensive farming is practiced. Veterinarians observe the disease to occur mainly in animals housed during the winter months. When one wants to assess the wastage due to the disease it appears difficult. However, its high incidence and known effects show that it is one of the major causes of loss.

The major biochemical manifestation of bovine ketosis is hypoglycemia. Two major forms of the disease are described, the wasting and the nervous forms.

The wasting type is manifested by a gradual but moderate decrease in appetite and milk yield over a period of 2 to 4 days, the cow loses weight rapidly, usually at a greater rate than one would expect from the decrease in appetite. In typical cases of the nervous form the signs begin quite suddenly. The syndrome is suggestive of delirium rather than of frenzy and the characteristic signs include walking in circles, straddling or crossing of the legs, head pushing or leaning into the stanchion, apparent blindness, aimless movements and wandering, vigorous licking of the skin and inanimate objects, deprived appetite and chewing movements with salivation. Moderate tremor and tetany may be present and the gait is usually staggery. The nervous signs usually occur in short episodes which last for 1 or 2 hours and may recur at intervals of about 8 to 12 hours. Affected cows may injure themselves during the nervous episodes.