- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •Foreword
- •Introduction
- •Cognitive therapy with in-patients
- •Why do cognitive therapy with in-patients?
- •Specific problems relating to cognitive therapy with in-patients
- •Case example (Anne)
- •Short case history and presentation
- •Assessment of suitability for cognitive therapy
- •Beginning of cognitive formulation of case
- •Session 2 (continuation of assessment for suitability for cognitive therapy)
- •Progress of therapy
- •Session 3
- •Session 4 (three days later)
- •Session 5 (next day—half an hour)
- •Session 6 (next day)
- •Sessions 7–26
- •Outcome
- •Ratings
- •Discussion
- •References
- •Cognitive treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: a brief synopsis
- •A many layered fear of internal experience: the case of John
- •Second session
- •Tenth session
- •Postscript
- •References
- •Introduction
- •The behavioural model
- •Cognitive hypotheses of obsessive-compulsive disorder
- •The cognitive hypothesis of the development of obsessional disorders
- •The role of cognitive and behavioural factors in the maintenance of obsessional disorders
- •Applications of the cognitive model
- •General style of treatment
- •Assessment factors
- •Problems encountered in implementing assessment
- •Content
- •Effects of discussion
- •More specific concerns
- •Embarrassment
- •Chronicity
- •Broadening the cognitive focus of assessment
- •Treatment
- •Engagement and ensuring compliance
- •Further enhancing exposure treatments
- •Dealing with negative automatic thoughts
- •Dealing with concurrent depression
- •Dealing with obsessions not accompanied by compulsive behaviour
- •Relapse prevention
- •Conclusions
- •Acknowledgements
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Cognitive-behavioural hypothesis
- •Increased physiological arousal
- •Focus of attention
- •Avoidant behaviours
- •The importance of reassurance
- •Principles of cognitive treatment of hypochondriasis
- •Case 1
- •Treatment strategies and reattribution
- •Alternative hypotheses
- •Case 2
- •Cognitive-behavioural intervention
- •Case 3
- •Conclusions
- •Notes
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Prevalence of psychological problems in cancer patients
- •Why use cognitive behaviour therapy?
- •Specific issues in applying cognitive behaviour therapy to cancer patients
- •Grieving for the ‘lost self’
- •Locus of control
- •Physical status
- •Pain
- •Treatment issues
- •Longstanding deficits in coping strategies
- •Specific problems in applying cognitive behaviour therapy in cancer patients
- •Case study
- •Sessions 1 and 2
- •Session 3
- •Session 4
- •Sessions 5 to 7
- •Session 8
- •Sessions 9 and 10
- •Outcome
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Case history
- •Medical assessment
- •Psychological assessment
- •Treatment plan
- •Developing motivation for treatment
- •Rationale for treatment
- •Providing information and education
- •Weight restoration
- •Eating behaviour
- •Binge eating
- •Vomiting and laxative abuse
- •Identifying dysfunctional thoughts
- •Dealing with dysfunctional thoughts
- •Dealing with other areas of concern
- •Maintenance and follow-up
- •Being a therapist with anorexic and bulimic patients
- •References
- •Treatment of drug abuse
- •Drug withdrawal
- •General treatment measures
- •Cognitive models of drug abuse
- •A scheme for cognitive behaviour therapy with drug abusers
- •Engaging the patient
- •Establishing a therapeutic relationship
- •Motivation
- •Rationale
- •The role of negative cognitions in the process of engagement and commitment
- •Cue analysis
- •Problem solving and cue modification
- •Modifying situational factors
- •Cue exposure and aversion
- •Predicting and avoiding high-risk situations
- •Coping with high-risk situations
- •Modifying emotional factors
- •Underlying assumptions
- •Self-schemas in addiction
- •Modifying cognitive structures
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Other clinical approaches with the offender
- •Problems of working with offenders
- •Cognitive-behavioural techniques with offenders
- •General strategies
- •Explaining the role of cognitions
- •Developing trust
- •Collaboration
- •Common cognitive patterns in interaction with offenders
- •Self-defeat
- •Levels of involvement
- •Analysis of the offence
- •Assessing change; deciding on the need for therapy
- •Cognitive therapy
- •Case example
- •Presentation
- •Sessions one to three
- •Background
- •Exposure history
- •Analysis
- •The treatment decision
- •Session four
- •The issue of control
- •The issue of deterrents
- •Explaining the role of cognitions
- •The self-help task
- •Session five
- •Session six
- •Re-analysis
- •Session seven
- •Dependency
- •The issues of wanting to expose and pleasure
- •The issue of dissatisfactions
- •Session eight
- •Session nine
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Suicidal thoughts during therapy for depression
- •Secondary prevention immediately following deliberate self-harm
- •Outline for therapy
- •Vigilance for suicidal expression
- •Case transcripts
- •Reasons for living and reasons for dying
- •Evaluating negative thoughts within a session
- •Inability to imagine the future
- •Some common problems
- •Concluding remarks
- •References
- •Emergent themes
- •Cross-sectional and longitudinal assessment
- •Engagement in and explanation of cognitive therapy
- •Techniques for eliciting thoughts and feelings within the session
- •Dealing with dysfunctional attitudes
- •Other applications of cognitive therapy
- •Application of cognitive therapy to clients with a learning difficulty
- •Case 1
- •Case 2
- •Case 3: Cognitive Restructuring
- •The cognitive framework
- •Different cognitive levels
- •Implications of a ‘levels’ model for therapy methods
- •Theoretical cogency of a ‘levels’ model
- •Future Research
- •Basic research on cognitive processes
- •Future strategies for clinical research
- •Note
- •References
- •Index
Index
Abraham, S.F. 128 Afton, A.D. 245
agoraphobia see panic disorder and agoraphobia Agras, W.S. 128
AIDS 99–101 Alberti, R.E. 123
American Psychiatric Association 78, 106, 127 anorexia nervosa see eating disorders
anxiety:
hypochondriasis 79–81, 83–4; obsessions and compulsions 50–3; panic disorder and agoraphobia 25–8
Anxiety Checklist (ACL) 111
attitudes, dysfunctional see dysfunctional attitudes Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) 21–2
Bachrach, A.J. 128 Bancroft, J. 185 Bandura, A. 183 Barsky, A.J. 78 Beck, Aaron T. vi;
anxiety 25–6, 50, 103, 174, 178, 183; cognitive model 161, 183, 238, 242; cognitive therapy vii–xv;
Coping with Depression 11–12;
depression, CT 1, 4, 14, 107, 152, 183, 206–7, 210, 219, 225; drug abuse 160, 164, 167;
dysfunctional attitudes 20, 147, 232; panic disorders 28;
suicidal patients 206–8, 210, 219
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 21, 111, 133, 136 Beech, H.R. 53
behaviour therapy and CT 241; obsessions 50–2, 53
Beinart, H. 140
Bemis, K.M. 128, 137, 140, 147 Bethlem Royal Hospital 161 Bianchi, G.N. 78
binge eating 145 Biran, N.W. 242–3 Blackburn, Ivy M. vi;
CT for depression vi–viii, 23, 72, 103, 183, 238, 243; depressed in-patients viii, 1–23, 110, 228–9
Blanchard, E.B. 103 Bloom, J.R. 106 Bo-Linn, G.W. 146 Bradley, B.P. 172 Bradley, L.A. 103 Brandsma, J.M. 160
Broadbent, K. 244 Bruni, J. 103 Buglass, D. 208–9
bulimia nervosa see eating disorders Burns, D. 18, 123
cancer, fear of 94–6 cancer patients xi, 103–24;
case study, Margaret 110–23; control loss 107–8;
coping strategies 109; grief 107;
pain 108–9;
physical problems 108; problems 109–10; psychological problems 104–5; rationale for CT 105–6
Carey, J.B. 160
Carlin, A.S. 159 Catalan, J. 206, 225 Cautela, J.R. 170–1 Chaney, E.F. 160
Channon, Shelley vi, xii, 127–53, 230 Christensen, H. 72
Clark, D.M. 26, 29
Clarke Institute, Toronto 127 cognitive model 238–44 cognitive therapy vii–xv, 227–48;
and behaviour therapy 241; cancer patients xi, 103–24;
depressed in-patients viii, 1–23, 228–9; drug abusers xii–xiii, 157–80, 231; dysfunctional attitudes (q.v.) 232–3; eating disorders xii, 127–53, 230–1; engagement and explanation 229–30; future research 244–8;
hypochondriasis x–xi, 78–102, 232–3, 239, 242; and learning difficulties 233–8;
model 238–44;
new applications vii, 227, 233–4;
obsessions and compulsions ix–x, 50–76, 229–30; offenders xiii–xiv, 183–204, 231–2, 239;
panic and agoraphobia ix, 25–49, 228–30, 233, 239, 242; and relationship problems 233;
suicidal patients xiv, 206–25;
techniques for eliciting thoughts and feelings 230–1 Cohler, B.J. 153
Cole, Amanda vi, xiii–xiv, 183–204, 231–2, 239 Collins, R.L. 159
142
compulsive behaviour see obsessions and compulsions Connell, P.M. 158
Cooper, P.J. 128 Craft, M. and A. 183 Crawford, D.S. 183–4 Crisp, A.H. 127
Cummings, C. 159, 174
Dean, C. 105
Dent, J. 243
depressed in-patients viii, 1–23, 228–9; case study, Anne viii, 5–21; problems 3–4, 22–3;
rationale 2–3 depression:
and eating disorders 152;
and obsessions and compulsions 72; see also suicidal patients
de Silva, P. 53, 62, 130 Devlin, H.B. 104 Dickerson, M. 76
DiClemente, C.C. xiii, 160, 165 Dienelt, N.N. 206
drug abusers xii–xiii, 157–80, 231; cognitive models 159–60;
CT scheme 160–1; cue analysis 168–70;
motivation for treatment 164–7; negative cognitions 167–8;
problem solving and cue modification 170–6; rationale for treatment 167;
self-schemas 178–80; therapeutic relationship 162–4; treatment 157–8;
underlying assumptions 176–8 Dryden, W. 179
Dyer, J.A.T. 207
Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) 20, 21–2, 111, 123, 232 dysfunctional attitudes 232–3;
cancer patients 111, 117–24; depression 9, 16–18;
drug abusers 167–8, 176–8, 232; eating disorders 136, 146–52; hypochondriasis x, 79–81, 232–3;
obsessions and compulsions ix, 50, 53–6, 71–2; offenders 185–7, 194–7, 203, 232;
panic disorders ix, 25–8, 29, 233; suicidal patients 216–19; techniques for eliciting 230–2
eating disorders xii, 127–53, 230–1; assessment 130–6;
case study, Carol xii, 129–30, 136–52; definition 127–8;
dysfunctional thoughts 146–52; eating behaviour 144–6; education 141–2;
motivation for treatment 140–7; rationale for treatment 140–1; therapists’ responses 153;
INDEX 143
treatment 128–9, 137; weight restoration 142–3
Edwards, S. 76
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 2, 22 Ellis, A. 183, 186
Emery, G.D.: anxiety 25, 174; depression 187;
drug abuse 160, 164, 167, 183 Emmelkamp, P.M.G. 76 Emmons, M.L. 123
engaging patients in CT 229–30; depression 4, 229;
drug abuse xii–xiii, 161–2; hypochondriasis 84–5; obsessions x, 63–9, 229; offenders 185;
panic disorder 229 Espie, C.A. 51
Fairburn, C.G. 127–8, 153
Fazio, A.F. 1
Feighner, J.P. 1
Feindler, E.L. 184
Fennell, M.J.V. 23, 224, 248
Finch, A.J. 235
Florey, C.D.V. 136
Foa, E.B. 51, 72
Fogarty, S.J. 244
Fox, S.159
Fraser, S. 206
Gardner, R. 158 Garfinkel, P.E. 130, 152
Garner, D.M. 127–30, 134–7, 140–3, 147, 152–3 George, W.G. 170
Ghodse, A.H. 158 Gittleson, N. 72 Glantz, M.D. 160 Goldberg, D. 2 Goldstein, A. 51 Gomez, J. 108 Goodman, J. 235
Gordon, J.R. 159, 173–4 Gordon, W.A. 106 Greenberg, D. 241 Greenberg, Ruth L, vi;
depression 11–12;
panic and agoraphobia ix, 25–49, 228–30, 233, 239, 242 Greer, S. 104–5, 110
Grossman, S. 127 Gudjonsson, G. 183 Guidano, V.F. 179
Hakstian, A.R. 1 Hamilton, M. 5, 20
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) 5, 20, 21, 111 Harrison, J. 53, 62
Hawton, K. 206, 225 Herman, C.P. 140
144 INDEX |
|
Hibbard, M.R. 110 |
Marshall, W.L. 1, 183 |
Hirsch, F.R. 206 |
Massie, M.J. 104, 106 |
Hodgson, R. 53 |
Medlik, L. 128 |
Holland, J.C. 104–6 |
Meichenbaum, D. 184, 235 |
Hollon, S.D. 21 |
Metropolitan Life Insurance 136 |
hopelessness xiv, 2, 111, 223–4 |
Miller, W. 165 |
Hopelessness Scale (HS) 111 |
Moorey, Stirling, vi, xii–xiii, 157–80, 227–48 |
Horan, J.J. 184 |
Morgan, H.G. 128, 130 |
Horton, J. 208–9 |
Morris, T. 104–5, 107 |
Howells, K. 183, 187 |
motivation for treatment: |
Hsu, L.K. 128 |
drug abusers xii–xiii, 164–7; |
Hughson, A. 104 |
eating disorders 137–40; |
Hutchinson, M.G. 143 |
offenders xiii |
Huxley, P. 2 |
Murphy, G.E. 1, 162, 183, 238 |
hyperventilation 26, 29, 33–6, 39, 230 |
|
hypochondriasis x–xi, 78–102, 232–3, 239, 242; |
negative thoughts see dysfunctional attitudes |
case studies 86–92, 94–101; |
Nemiah, J.C. 78 |
cognitive-behavioural hypothesis 79–82; |
Newcastle Endogeneity Scale 248 |
definition 78–9; |
Nomellini, S. 184 |
other hypotheses 93–4; |
Novaco, R. 183–4 |
principles of CT 84–6, 101–2 |
|
reassurance 83–4 |
obsessions and compulsions ix–x, 50–76, 229–30; |
Jackson, P.R. 160 |
application of CT 56–8; |
assessment 58–62; |
|
Janis, I.L. 165–6 |
behavioural model 50–2, 53; |
Johnson, W.G. 128 |
cognitive model 52–6; |
|
compliance with treatment 63–9; |
Katz, R.C. 184 |
and depression 72; |
Kendall, P.C. 21, 235–6 |
development of disorder 53–6; |
Keys, A. 140 |
negative automatic thoughts 71–2; |
Kirk, J.W. 62, 72–3 |
obsession without compulsive behaviour 72–4; |
Kirkley, E.G. 128 |
relapse prevention 74–5; |
Klerman, G.L. 78 |
treatment 63–75 |
Kreitman, N. 207 |
Oei,T.P.S. 160 |
|
offenders xiii–xiv, 183–204, 231–2, 239; |
Lacey, J.H. 128 |
case study 191–203; |
Larcombe, N.A. 103 |
clinical approaches 183–4; |
learning difficulties 233–8; |
CT techniques 185–91; |
case studies 234–8 |
problems 184–5 |
Leith, B. 103 |
|
Leonhard, K. 78 |
Panic Belief Questionnaire 26–8 |
‘levels’ of cognitions 238–44 |
panic disorder and agoraphobia ix, 25–9, 228–30, 233, 239, 242; |
Levine, P.M. 104, 110 |
case study, John 28–49; |
Levison, P.K. 157 |
perceptions of danger 25–8 |
Lewinsohn, P.M. 243 |
Paykel, E.S. 206 |
Liddell, A. 53 |
Pearce, S. 108 |
Liotti, G. 179 |
Pearlson, G.D. 134 |
Lishman, W.A. 244 |
Perkins, D. 183–4 |
Lloyd, G.G. 244 |
phobia see panic disorder |
Lopez, F.G. 184 |
Pilowsky, I. 78 |
|
Polivy, J. 140 |
McCourt, W. 160 |
Power, K.G. 208 |
McIntosh, J. 104 |
Present State Examination (PSE) 5 |
McLean, P.O. 1 |
Prochaska, J.O. xiii, 160, 165 |
MacLeod, S. 142 |
|
Maguire, P. 103, 105 |
Rachman, S.J. 51, 53, 62, 72 |
Maisto, S.A. 160 |
reassurance 56, 83–4 |
Mann, L. 165–6 |
relationship problems 233 |
Marks, I.M. 51, 72, 78 |
Rezin, V. 248 |
Marlatt, G.A. 159–61, 170, 173–4 |
Richardson, P.H. 108 |
Roche, L. 142
Roper, G. 53
Rosenbaum, M. 224
Rosenberg, L. 133, 136
Rush, A.J. 1, 103, 183
Russell, G.F.M. 127–8, 130, 134
Ryle, J.A. 78
Salkovskis, Paul M. vi; hyperventilation 26;
hypochondriasis x–xi, 78–102, 232–3, 239, 242; obsessions and compulsions ix–x, 50–76, 229–30
Sanchez-Craig, M. 160 Schlichter, K.J. 184 Schmale, A.H. 105 Schonfield, J. 105 Schwartz, D.M. 128 Schwarz, S.P. 103 Scott, Jan vi, xi, 103–24 Segal, Z.V. 183
Selvini-Palazzoli, M. 153 Shaw, B.F. 1
Shipley, C.R. 1 Silberfarb, P. 104
Simons, A.D. vii, 3, 225, 243–4 Slade, P.O. 134, 140
Smith, G.R. 128
Sobel, H.J. 106 Spielberger, C.D. 21 Spitzer, R.L. 1, 5
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) 21 Stern, M.J. 103
Stravynski, A. 241
Suicidal Ideation, Scale of (SSI) 111 suicidal patients xiv, 206–25;
case studies 210–23;
and depression (q. v.) 206–8; future, inability to imagine 219–23; hopelessness 223–4;
negative thoughts 216–19; prediction of suicide attempt 208–9;
reasons for living v. dying 210–16, 224; therapy 209;
vigilance 209–10 Swift, W.J. 128
Tan, S.Y. 103
Taylor, F.G. 1
Teasdale, J.D. 1, 23, 224, 243–8 Thompson, M.G. 128
thoughts, technique for eliciting 230–1; see also dysfunctional attitudes
Thurman, C.W. 184 Toch, H. 203 Toner, B.B. 127 Treasure, J. 142
Valliant, P.M. 103 Van Strien, T. 134, 136 vomiting 146
INDEX 145
Wahler, R.G. 245
Wardle, Jane vi, xii, 127–53, 230 Warwick, Hilary M.C. vi;
hypochondriasis x–xi, 78–102, 232–3, 239, 242; obsessions and compulsions 57, 63, 72–3; reassurance 56
Watkins, J.T. 1
Weiner, H. 159 Weisman, A.D. 105, 109
Weissman, A.N. 20–1, 232 Wells, Jonathan vi, xiv, 206–25 Westbrook, D. 72–3, 83 Wilcox, L.E. 236
Wilkinson, I.M. 243 Willi, J. 127
Williams, J.Mark G. vi, xiv, 107, 206–25, 227–48 Wilson, G.T. 128
Wilson, P.M. 1, 103 Wing, J.K. 5 Wolchik, S.A. 128 Woody, G.E. 159
Worden, J.W. 103, 105–6, 109
Zeiss, A.M. 1