Крок 1 stom. по темам1
.pdfMODULE 1 dental
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TOPIC |
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1. |
Histology as |
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object. |
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Microscope. |
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Research methods |
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are in histology |
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Methods of |
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making of |
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histological |
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preparations for a |
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light and |
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electronic |
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microscopy. |
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2. |
Basic |
On the electrocardiogram of the man of 23 years there are attributes of infringement of |
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organization of |
carrying out of excitation from auricles to ventricules (that is connected to |
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cell. Cellular |
infringement of an exchange of ions between cells), caused rheumatic myocarditis. |
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surface |
What change of structures of contacting surfaces of cells of heart these phenomena |
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most authentically speak? |
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A. Gap junctions* |
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B. Microvillies |
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C. Tight junctions |
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D. Desmosome |
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E. Nexuses |
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At research of blood at the patient increase of lactatdehydrogenase’s activity is |
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revealed. What changes in an organism at a cellular level result in similar |
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infringements? |
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A.Destruction of plasmatic membranes * |
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В.Metabolic disfunction |
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С. Infringement of intercellular interactions |
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D. Damage of the genom |
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E.Decreased activity of enzymes’ system |
3. |
Structure of |
A 50 year old woman tooth extracted. The tissue regenerated. Which of the following |
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cytoplasm. |
organella are the most active during tissue regeneration? |
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Organelles and |
A Ribosomes* |
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inclusions |
B Centrosomes |
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C Postlysosomes |
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D Agranular endoplasmic reticulum |
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E Lysosomes |
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Formation of ribosome subunits in a cell was disturbed in course of an experiment (by |
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means of activated mutagenic factors). This will have an effect on the following |
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metabolic process: |
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A Protein biosynthesis* |
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B Carbohydrate biosynthesis |
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C ATP synthesis |
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D Photosynthesis |
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E Biological oxidation |
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Electron microscopic study of a cell revealed roundish bubbles confined by a |
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membrane and containing a lot of various hydrolytic enzymes. It is known that these |
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organellas provide intracellular digestion and protective functions. These elements |
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are: |
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A Lysosomes* |
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B Centrosomes |
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C Endoplasmic reticulum |
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D Ribosomes |
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E Mitochondria |
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An animal had been intensively fed with carbohydrates. Histologic examination of its liver revealed a significant number of glycogen granules. Glycogen relates to the following group of cell structures:
ATrophic granules*
BSecretory granules
CExcretory granules
DPigment granules
ESpecial organelles
At the man 42 years old for specification of the diagnosis it is lead is carried out biopsy of the liver. At research of biopsy material it was revealed, that its cells have risen increased of cytoplasms’ basophylia. It testifies that in cells occurs:
A.Activation of protein syntesis*
B.Formation of lipids
C.Activation of transmembranouse transport
D.Active absorbtion of substances
E.Mitotic division
Cells of a laboratory animal to process by superfluous x-ray radiation. In result protein’s fragments in cytoplasm were formed. What organelles of cells will take participation in their recycling?
A.Lуsosomes*
B.Golgy complex
C.Ribosomes
D.Endoplasmic reticulum E.Cell center
Mucopolysacharidosis concerns to illnesses of accumulation. For the lack of enzymes that destroing polysacharides is broken. At patients increase of their allocation with urine and accumulation in one of cells’ organelles is observed. In what organelles collect mucopolysacharides?
А. In Golgy complex
В. In Lisosomes
С. In cellular center
D. In endoplasmic reticulum Е. In mitochondrias
For the person it is diagnosed galactozemia - illness of accumulation. As a result of infringement of what cellular structure there was this illness?
A.Golgy complex B.Centrioles C.Lisosomes*
D. Cellular center E.Mitochondrias
At electron micrographs of nerve cells of spinal node there were found organelles. They were consisted of tanks flattened in the central and extended to the periphery and small vesicles. What are these organelles?
ALysosomes
BCentrioles
CGolgi complex*
Dperoxisomes
EMitochondria
During histochemical research of hepatocyte in the cytoplasm the were detected vesicles diameter 0,05-1,5 micron with peroxidation enzymes - catalase, peroxidase. What are these organelles?
A.Lysosomes
B.Peroxisomes*
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C Melanosomes. |
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D Liposomes. |
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E Phagosome. |
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Low level of albumins and fibrinogen was detected in the patient's blood. Decreased |
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activity of what organelle of the liver hepatocytes can cause it? |
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A Granular endoplasmatic reeticulum* |
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B Agranular endoplasmatic reticulum |
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C Mitochondrions |
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D Golgi complex |
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E Lysosomes |
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Аt ultramicroscopic research of hepatocytes in there cytoplasm rough endoplasmic |
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reticulum was determined. What is the function of this organell? |
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A Synthesis of plasma proteins* |
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B Synthesis of carbohydrates |
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C detoxification. |
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D production of bile. |
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E depositing calcium ions. |
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The tumour of a uterus is removed the woman of 67 years. At histologic research in |
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cells of a tumour are found out multipolar mitosises - pictures of a divergence to |
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several poles. With infringement of what organelles’ condition the most authentic |
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occurrence multipolar mitosises? |
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A. Secondary lysosomes |
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B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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D. Peroxysomes |
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E. Centrioles* |
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In a nutrient substance where cells of animals are raised, have added aminoacid leucin |
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with a radioactive label. After a while a method of radioautography have found out |
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high concentration labeled aminoacid near certain determined organelles. These |
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organelles can be: |
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A. Ribosomes* |
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B. Lysosomes |
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C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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D. The cellular center |
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E. Golgy complex |
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In the cytoplasm of pancreatic cells during the secretory cycle secretory granules are |
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appearing and disappearing in apical part of cell. Which structural elements can be |
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attributed these granules? |
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A To inclusions* |
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B To microfilaments |
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C To lysosomes |
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D To Golgy complex |
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E To rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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4. |
Cell nucleus |
In a nutrient substance with cells which are cultivated, the solution of Thimin (Т) with |
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Mitosis. Cellular |
a radioactive label is brought. In what structures of cells will find out designated |
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cycle. |
Thimin during radioautography? |
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A. Nucleus* |
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B. Ribosomes |
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C. Golgy complex |
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D. Endoplasmic reticulum |
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E. Lysosomes |
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In culture of tissue by a nuclear irradiation are damaged injured nucleoles. What |
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organelles renewaled in cytoplasm of cells become problematic? A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B.Ribosomes*
C.Lysosomes
D. Golgy complex E.Microtubules
In the cell the synthesis of histone proteins was blocked artificially. What cell structure is damaged?
A Golgi complex
BNucleolus
CNuclear chromatin*
DCell membrane
E Nuclear membrane
During division of a cell the researcher managed to observe a phase at which were absent a membrane of a nucleus and nucleola, and centrioles were on poles of a cell.
Chromosomes looked like a ball of strings which are freely located in cytoplasm. It is typical of what phase?
A.Metaphase
B.Prophase*
C.Telophase
D. Anaphase
E.Interphase
Doctor made smea from mucous shall of the oral cavity of the person. In not destroyed epithelial cells painted smea it is well visible oval nucleus, unequal in the sizes. What way occured division of these cells?
A.Mitosis B.Endomitosis C.Shizogonia
D. Amitotic division *
E.Mejosis
At microscopic research of liver’s tissue have been found out, that some cells have broken up to small fragments with separate organelles and nucleus’ fragments surrounded with a membranes. Inflammatory reaction is absent. For what pathological process these changes are characteristic?
A.Apoptosis *
B.Karyoreksis
C.Plasmoreksis
D. Plasmolisis E.Nekrosis
5.Bases of general embryology and gametogenesis.
6. Fertilization. |
At a certain stage of development of a human embryo one can observe formation of a |
Implantation. |
cavity in its structure, small light blastomeres on the periphery and large dark |
Formation of |
blastomeres at one of the poles. The embryo at this stage of development is called: |
extraembryonic |
A Blastocyst* |
shells. |
B Morula |
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C Zygote |
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D Gastrula |
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E Blastodisk |
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For an unknown reason the fertilization membrane of an embryo dissolved in the |
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fFllopian tube in the first critical period. What complication of pregnancy is possible |
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in this case? |
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A Embryo implantation into the Fallopian tube* |
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B Embryonic death |
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C Invagination of the blastocyst wall |
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D Return of blastocyst back to the ampullary portion of the tube |
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E Formation of two blastocysts |
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Implantation process has two stages: adhesion and invasion. Morphological |
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manifestation of blastocyte adhesion is: |
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A Attachment of blastocyte to the endometrium* |
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B Destruction of endometrium epithelium |
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C Destruction of connective tissue of endometrium |
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D Destruction of endometrium vessels |
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E Formation of lacunes |
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During experiment above frog’s blastula at a stage of 16 blastomeres have been |
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removed 1 blastomere. This cell continued to develop normally and has begun a new |
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germ. What is important property of blastomeres was is shown? |
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A.Totipotentnist* |
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B.Embryionic induction |
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C.Differentiation |
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D. Formation of poles of an embryo |
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E.Germinal layers’ formation |
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At microscopic research of embryo bodies which are removed during operation, the |
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germ consists of two blastomeres has been found. Named a place of its localization in |
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condition of normal embryo’s development. |
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A. Ovaries |
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B. Uterine tube near uterus |
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C. Uterine cavity |
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D. Ampullary part of the uterine tube * |
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E. Abdominal cavity |
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Process of segmentation of zygote comes to the end with formation of blastocyst. |
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What is the type of human blastocyst? |
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A. Morula |
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B. Celoblastula |
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C. Discoblastula |
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D. Amphyblastula |
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E. Blastocyst * |
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Human embryo was found in the uterus. He wasn’t attached to the endometrium. |
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What stage of development the embryo is responsible? |
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A Blastocysts* |
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B Zygote |
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C Morula |
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D Gastrula |
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E Neurula |
7. |
Gastrulation. |
Microspecimen analysis of child's finger skin revealed that epidermis has signs of |
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Tissueand |
inadequate development. What embryonal leaf was damaged in the process of |
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organogenesis. |
development? |
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A Ectoderm* |
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B Mesoderm |
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C Entoderm |
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D Mezenchym |
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E Ectomezenchym |
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During gastrulation the Hensen's node remained underdeveloped in the embryo. |
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Which axial organ will slow down its development? |
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A Chord* |
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BNeural crests
CNeural groove
DNeural tube
EMantle layer of the neural tube
On a section of a germ of the person taken from spontaneous abortion, we see embryonic disk in which two layers are distinguished, - еndo-and еctoderm. At what stage of embryonic development there was an embryo?
A.Blastula formation B.Histogenesis C.Progenesis D.Gastrulation*
E.Organogenesis
One of the critical periods of human embryogenesis is implantation of a germ in a wall of a uterus during 5th-7th days. What mechanism of gastrulation occurs in embryo during this period?
A.Еpibolia
B.Migration
C.Delamination*
D.Invagination
E.Neurulation
During gastrulation in a germ it was insufficiently generated primary node. What structure of developed embryo’s body will be broken?
A.Chord *
B.Nervous crests
C.Ectoderm
D.Nervous tube
E.Mantile layer of a nervous tube
Early gastrulation of a human germ occurs by delamination of embryoblast. From what structure will be formed nervous system?
A.From hypoblast
B.From trophoblast
C.From epiblast*
D.From chord
E.From primitive segments
Implantation of human blastocyst begins. How the period of embryogenesis refers to, what begins simultaneously with implantation?
A.Histogenesis
B.Invagination
C.Differentiation
D.Gastrulation *
E.Segmentation
In newborn infringement of development of a myocardium is diagnosed. To what infringement of development of embryonic source this pathology is connected? A.Ectoderm
B.Entoderm C.Splanchnopleure*
D. Mesenchyma
E.Somatopleure
At Addison illness’ patient hyperpigmentation of integuments is observed. It connects with a generality of sources of melanocytes’ development and suprarenal gland’s medulla. What is a source of their development?
A.Ectoderm
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B.Mesoderm
C.Mesenchyma
D. Nervous crest*
E.Endoderm
At the newborn boy (10th days) numerous defects of development of skeleton are observed. What infringement of embryonic development a rudiment has most authentically led to occurrence of the given pathology?
A.Miotomes
B.Mesenchyma
C.Dermatome
D.Еctoderm
E.Sklerotome*
In experiment on frog’s germ the external germinal layer - еctoderm is destroyed. What morphological structure from listed further will not develop at the given germ?
A.Bone tissue
B.Blood
C.Epidermis *
D.Cartilage tissue
E.Muscle tissue
In experiment at germ of rabbit is destroyed myotome. Infringement of development of what structure will be observed at the given germ?
A.Epidermis
B.Bone tissue
C.Connective tissue
D.Smooth muscles
E.Skeletal muscles *
On histological section it is visible a hen’s germ at a stage of differentiation of mesoderm to somites, segment legs and splanchnotome. From what material does the skeleton develop?
A.Myotome
B.Dermatome
C.Celom
D.Splanchnotome
E.Sklerotome*
In course of a conditional experiment the development of mesenchyma cells was completely inhibited. Development of the following muscular tissue will be disturbed: A Smooth muscular tissue *
BNeural muscular tissue
CEpidermal muscular tissue
DCardiac muscular tissue
ESkeletal muscular tissue
An embryo displays disturbed process of dorsal mesoderm segmentation and somite formation. What part of skin will have developmental abnormalities?
A Derm *
BHair
CSebaceous glands
DEpidermis
ESudoriferous glands
Study of the biopsy material of an embryo revealed a zone of developmental abnormality in a somite. The zone was located close to the endoderm and the notochord. What formations may have abnormal development in case of pregnancy continuation?
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A Skeletal tissues * |
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B Genito-urinary system |
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C Skeletal striated muscle tissue |
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D Cardiac striated muscle tissue |
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E Fibrous connective tissue of skin |
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8. |
Provisional |
By producing a number of hormones placenta plays a part of temporary endocrine |
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organs. Placenta. |
gland. What hormone may be detected in woman's blood on the third or the forth day |
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Umbilical cord. |
after begin of implantation, that is used in medicine for early pregnancy detection? |
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A Chorionic gonadotropin* |
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B Somatostatin |
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C Progesterone |
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D Vasopressin |
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E Oxytocin |
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At microscopic research of environments of a germ it is defined determined chorion. |
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What basic function is provided with this structure? |
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A. Metabolism between mother’s blood and fetus’ blood* |
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B. Haemopoietic function |
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C. Production of amniotic water |
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D. Formation of primary reproductive cells |
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E. Differentiation of the lymphocytes |
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Ultrasound examination of pregnant women was diagnosed with polyhydramnios. In |
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violation of which structure can be attributed this pathological condition? |
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A Amnion* |
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B Chorion |
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C Placenta |
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D Yolk sac |
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E Allantois |
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The examination of amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis (amnion puncture) there |
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were found cells which nucleuses contain sex chromatin (Barr’s body). What could |
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this mean? |
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A The development of male fetus |
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B Development of female fetus* |
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C Genetic disturbances in fetal development |
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D Trisomy |
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E Polyploidy |
9. |
Control of |
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mastering of the |
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submodule 1. |
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10. |
Basic principles |
Histological examination of a tissue sample revealed that the tissue have no blood |
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of organization of |
vessels, and the cells were packed tightly together making layers. Specify this tissue: |
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tissues. Epithelial |
A Epithelial* |
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tissues |
B Cartilaginous |
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C Osseous |
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D Nervous |
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E Muscular |
In the patient it is found out hyperemia of skin. Borders of the damaged injured sites of skin are precisely outlined, have the wrong form and painless. What type of epithelia is struck with a mycosis?
A.Simple
B.Stratified cuboidal
C. Keratinazed stratified*
D.Transitional
E.Pseudostratified columnar
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To the man 48 years old with the diagnostic purpose it is lead is carried out biopsy of a stomach tumor located in the mucosa. Immunomorfological research of bioptate has shown presence in cytoplasm of cells keratin filaments. The most probable source of development of a tumor is:
A.Epithelial tissue*
B.Areolar connective tissue
C.Dense connective
D.Muscle tissue
E.Nervouse tissue
At the patient with a dry pleuritis noise of friction of pleura is listened. At what defeat of type of epithelia this symptom is marked?
A.Stratified epithelium
B.Simple squamous*
C.Transitional
D.Cuboidal
E.Cilindrical
In the experiment the structure of contact between epithelial cells affected. What is the function of epithelium suffered?
A Mechanical *
BAbsorbing
CVitamin "D"-producing
DSecretory
EExcretory
Tumor of the pericardium was diagnosed in the man. What epithelium is a source of tumor development?
A Simple squamous*
B Pseudostratified epithelia C Transitional
D Stratified epithelium keratinized
E Stratified epithelium non-keratinized
The secretory part of apocrine sweat glands contains myoepithelial cells. What is the function of these cells?
AContractility*
BSecretory.
CSecurity.
DRegeneration. E Maintance.
A scheme presents an exocrinous gland that has unbranched excretory duct with a terminal part in shape of a saccule openining into the duct. How this gland is called according to the morphological classification of exocrine glands?
A Simple unbranched alveolar *
BCompound branched alveolar
CSimple branched tubular
DCompound unbranched alveolar
ECompound unbranched alveolar tubular
11 Blood and lymph. A 30 y.o. man was irradiated with approximately 3 Gy. What blood changes will be revealed 8 hours after exposure to radiation?
ALymphopenia*
BLeukopenia
CGranulocytopenia
DThrombocytopenia
EAnemia
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In course of an operation on account of a granuloma in the area of the right upper incisor a patient began to bleed. The hemorrhage was stopped just only 3 hours later. The patient's anamnesis contains information about chronic lymphatic leukemia. What is the most probable cause of hemorrhage?
AThrombocytopenia*
BThrombocytopathia
CLymphocytosis
DLeukopenia
EEosinophilia
As a result of a road accident a 26-year-old man is in the torpid phase of shock. Blood count: leukocytes - 3,2x109/l. What is the leading mechanism of leukopenia development?
ALeukocyte redistribution in the bloodstream*
BLeukopoiesis inhibition
CFaulty release of mature leukocytes from the bone marrow into the blood
DLeukocyte destruction in the hematopietic organs
EIncreased excretion of the leukocytes from the organism
Examination of mountain climbers who have spent a long time in a high-altitude region revealed increase of erythrocyte number (over 6x1012/l) and haemoglobin concentration (over 170 g/l). What mechanism caused this phenomenon?
AIntensified production of erythropoietin by the kidneys*
BWeakening of erythrocyte haemolysis in bloodstream
CImproved ability of tissue for oxygen utilization
DIntensified processes of anoxic energy production
EWeakening of intracellular erythrocyte haemolysis
In smear of peripheral blood among leukocytes prevalate spherical cells with the segmented nucleus. Fine granularity in their cytoplasm colorated in blue and red colours. How these cells refer to?
A.Young neutrophills
B.Basophills
C.Acidophills
D.Segment-shape-nucleus neutrophills *
E.Моnocytes
At the analysis of blood the reduced maintenance hemoglobin’s contents is revealed. What function of blood will be disturbed thus?
A.Transport of hormones
B.Transport of gases *
C.Maintenance of immunity
D.Blood regeneration
E.Transport of nutrients
Inflammation is characterized by reaction of blood capillaries on a site of damage, reduction of blood circulation, increase of permeability of the vessels’ wall. To what cells, mentioned below, possesses a leaguing role in it?
A.To macrophages
B.To fibroblasts
C.To plasma cells
D.To acidophills
E.To basophills*
In the analysis laboratory assistant has the additional conclusion that the blood belongs to the women. Features of the structure of what formed elements allow making a conclusion?
A Neutrophilic leukocytes*
B Erythrocytes
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