Hart C. Anthony, Shears Paul. Color Atlas of Medical Microbiology.pdf

Nematodes 545, 576

pathogenesis 272–273

Ofloxacin 189

diagnosis 640

therapy 273

Omidazole 192

intestinal infections

Nonanthropogenic evolu-

OmpA (outer membrane

576–586

tion 203

protein A) 155

larval infections

Noncapsid viral proteins

Onchocerca volvulus

601–605

(NCVP) 388

(onchocercosis) 589,

tissue and vascular sys-

Noncytocidal infection

590 –591, 594–596

tem infections 587–601

393 –394

clinical manifestations

see also Helminths; spe-

Nonnucleoside reverse

594–595

cific parasites

transcriptase inhibitors

eye changes 595

Neomycin 189

(NNRTI) 454

reactions to adult

Nephelometry 122

Norfloxacin 189

parasites 595

Nephropathica epidemica

Normal flora 24–25

reactions to microfi-

(NE) 461, 635

North American blasto-

lariae 595

Nervous system infections

mycosis 354–361

control 595 –596

644–646

diagnosis 361

diagnosis 595, 652

encephalomyelitis

therapy 361

eye infections 655, 657

645 –646

North Asian tick fever 332

epidemiology 594

meningitis 273,

Norwalk virus 439, 440

life cycle 594

276–278, 644

diagnosis 638

occurrence 594

see also specific infections

Nosema 539

pathogenesis 594

Netilmicin 189

Nosocomial infections 10,

prevention 595

Neuraminidase 379

342 –346

therapy 595

Neuraminidase inhibitors

control 345 –346

Onchocercoma 595

404

operational measures

Oncogenes 395, 396

Neurocysticercosis

345

Oncoviruses 394–396,

564–565

organizational mea-

448

Neurosyphilis 321

sures 345 –346

genome structure

Neurotoxins 15

structural measures

394–395

botulinum 250

346

replication 394–395

Nipah virus 465, 466

definition 342

tumor induction

epidemiology 467

frequency 344

395 –396

Nitrofural 192

pathogens 342 –345

with an oncogene 396

Nitrofurans 192

sources of infection 345

without an oncogene

Nitrofurantoin 192

endogenous infections

395 –396

Nitroimidazoles 192

345

Onychomycosis 374

Nocardia (nocardioses)

exogenous infections

Oophoritis 636

221–222, 272–273

345

Operator 180

asteroides 222

transmission 345

Operon 168–169, 180

brasiliensis 222, 652

Nucleoid 148, 150, 180

anabolic 170

clinical pictures

Nucleoside reverse tran-

catabolic 170

272–273

scriptase inhibitors (NRTI)

transcriptional regula-

pulmonary nocardio-

404, 454

tion 170

sis 273

Nude mice 143

Ophthalmia neonatorum

surface nocardiosis

Nutrient media 164, 212,

276

273

213

Opisthorchiida 545

systemic nocardiosis

Nystatin 356

Opisthorchis (opisthorchio-

273

sis) 557–558

culture 272

&O

clinical manifestation

diagnosis 273

558

cardiovascular system

diagnosis 558, 625, 641,

647

O antigens 156, 281

643

cutaneous infection

salmonellae 282,

epidemiology 558

652

283– 284

felineus 543, 556, 557

eye infection 656, 657

Vibrio cholerae 297

life cycle 558

epidemiology 273

Ocular infections see Eye

occurrence 557

morphology 272

infections

prevention 558

occurrence 272

Oeciacus hirundinis 616

therapy 558

viverrini 557

Oxidative burst, inhibition

pathogenesis 466–467

Opisthotonus 248

of 13

pathogens 464–465

Opportunistic pathogens

Oxytetracycline 194

prevention 467

8, 9, 24, 448, 451–453

Oxyurida 545

structure 465

Enterobacteriaceae

Oxyuriosis see Enterobius

Parapox 382

295 –296

vermicularis (enterobiosis)

Parapoxviruses 426, 427,

microsporidia 538 –542

429

mycoses 352, 353,

&P

diagnosis 650

354–355, 362–372

Parasexuality 174, 180

yeast mycoses

Parasitemia, transitory 10

369 –370

P1/elF-2 kinase 401

Parasites 9, 476

pseudomonads 310

Paecilomyces lilacinus 355

see also Helminths; La-

see also specific patho-

Pancreatic abscess 641

boratory diagnosis; spe-

gens

Pancreatitis 641

cific parasites

Opsonization 86, 143

Pandemic 27

Paratope 143

Oral polio vaccine (OPV)

Papillomas 650

Paratyphoid fever 282

437

Papillomaviruses 382,

Parechoviruses 434, 436

Orf virus 428, 650

413–414

clinical syndromes 436

Organotropism 398

clinical picture 414

Parotitis epidemica see

Oriental sore 493,

diagnosis 414, 650

Mumps virus

495 –496

epidemiology 414

Parvovirus B19 412–413

diagnosis 652

pathogenesis 414

diagnosis 413, 650

see also Leishmania

pathogens 413

epidemiology 413

(Leishmanioses)

prevention 414

pathogenesis 412–413

Orientia tsutsugamushi

Pappataci fever 461

Parvoviruses 382, 412–413

330, 332

Para-aminosalicylic acid

Pasteurella 303 –304

Ornithosis 335, 337 –338

(PAS) 192

multocida 224, 303 –304

clinical picture 337

Parabasalea 477

Pasteurization 37

epidemiology 338

Paracoccidioides brasilien-

Pathogenicity 8, 9, 11

therapy 338

sis 354, 361

determinants 7–11

Oropouche virus 461

Paragonimus (paragoni-

genetics of 20–21

Oroya fever 334, 649

mosis) 558 –559

Pathogenicity islands (PIs)

epidemiology 335

africanus 544

20 –21

Orthohepadnavirus 382

clinical manifestations

Pathogens 4–7

Orthomyxoviruses 383,

559

host-pathogen interac-

458 –460

diagnosis 559, 625, 634

tions 7–8

clinical picture 459

epidemiology 559

killing of, kinetics 35–36

diagnosis 459

life cycle 559

Pediculus (pediculosis)

epidemiology 460

occurrence 559

613– 615, 653

pathogen 458

prevention 559

humanus capitis

pathogenesis 459

therapy 559

613– 614

prevention 460

Parainfluenza virus 465,

biology 613

therapy 460

466

clinical manifestations

Orthopox 382

diagnosis 631, 632, 647

614

Orthopoxvirus 426, 427,

epidemiology 467

control 614

429

Paramomycin 189

diagnosis 614

diagnosis 426

Paramyxoviridae 383,

epidemiology

Osteomyelitis 654

464–465

613– 614

Ostitis 654

Paramyxovirinae 465

morphology 613

Otitis externa 658

Pneumovirinae 465

occurrence 613–614

Otitis media 338, 658

Paramyxovirus 465

therapy 614

Oxacillin 193

diagnosis 641

humanus corporis 613,

Oxalactams 192

Paramyxoviruses

615

Oxazolidinones 192

464–467

Pefloxacin 189

Oxidants, as disinfectants

clinical pictures

Pelveoperitonitis 636

40

466–467

Pemphigus 651

Oxidation 161

diagnosis 467

neonatorum 233

pathways 162

epidemiology 467

Penems 193

Pneumovirus P 687

Penicillins 193, 195

falciparum 520–522,

resistance 276

524–526, 528, 531, 532

Penicilliosis 355, 370

P. falciparum erythro-

Penicillium marneffei 355,

cyte membrane pro-

370

teins (PfEMP) 529

Peptococcus niger 244

pathogenesis

Peptostreptococcus 244

528 –530

Perforin 76, 78

life cycle 521–526

cytotoxicity in CD8+ T

development in mos-

cells 100

quito 526

Pericarditis 647

erythrocytic develop-

Peritonitis 642 –643

ment 522–524

following peritonea dia-

exoerythrocytic de-

lysis 643

velopment 521–522

primary 642

malariae 520–522,

secondary 642

524–527, 531, 532

Permeases 151

ovale 520, 524–527, 531,

Persisters 196

532, 537

Pertussis see Whooping

vivax 520, 524–527, 531,

cough

532, 537

Pestiviruses 442

see also Malaria

Pfeiffer disease 424

Platyhelminthes 545, 546

Phaeohyphomycoses 354,

see also Helminths; spe-

369

cific parasites

Phages see Bacteriophages

Plaunt-Vincent angina 631

Phagocyte resistance 282

Pleistophora 539

Phagocyte toxins 13

Plesiomonas 300

Phagocytosis 21–23

Pleurodynia 653

Phagosome, inhibition of

Pneumococci see Strepto-

fusion 13

coccus pneumoniae

Pharmacokinetics 200

Pneumocystis carinii

Pharyngitis 338, 630

(pneumocystosis) 354,

Phenanthrene methanoles

370–372

533

clinical pictures 371

Pheneticillin 193

culture 371

Phenols 39

developmental cycle

Phenotype 180

370–371

Phenotypic interference

diagnosis 371–372, 623,

391

634

Phenotypic mixing 391

morphology 370–371

Phialophora verrucosa 355

pathogenesis 371

Phlebotomus 616

therapy 372

papatasi 608

Pneumonia

Phlebovirus 460, 461

bacterial 240, 302, 336,

epidemiology 462

341

Phocanema 604

community-acquired

Phosphonoformate 404

633

Phosphorylcholine (PC)

diagnosis 632–633

143

hospital-acquired 633

Phthirus pubis (phthiriosis)

interstitial 371

613, 615

lobar 240

biology 615

necrotizing 365, 634

clinical manifestations

viral 467

615

see also Pneumocystis

diagnosis 615, 653

carinii (pneumocysto-

epidemiology 615

sis); Respiratory tract

morphology 615

infections

occurrence 615

Pneumovirus 465

Pokeweed mitogen 143

eye infections 655, 656,

pol gene 449, 450

657

Poliomyelitis 435–436

joint infection 654

vaccines 437

nosocomial infection

Poliovirus 435, 435–436

343

clinical syndromes 436

opportunistic 310

Polyarthritis 115

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Polyclonal 143

224, 308–310

Polyenes 356

clinical pictures 310

Polymerase chain reaction

culture 309

(PCR) 216, 409–411

diagnosis 310, 651

HIV viral load determi-

ear infection 658

nation 453

respiratory tract 633

material for 624

urogenital tract 635

Polymicrobial gangrene

epidemiology 310

654

morphology 309

Polymyxins 194

nosocomial infection

mechanism of action

343

198

occurrence 309

Polyomaviruses 382,

pathogenesis 309 –310

415–416

prevention 310

clinical picture 415–416

significance 309

diagnosis 416

therapy 310

epidemiology 416

see also Pseudomonads

pathogenesis 415–416

Pseudophyllida 545

pathogens 415

Pseudoscabies 29, 610

Pontiac fever 311, 312

Psittacosis see Ornithosis

see also Legionella

Pulex irritans 618

Porins 155

Pulicidae 618–619

Porphyromonas spp. 225,

clinical manifestations

317, 319

619

Postantibiotic effect (PAE)

control 619

196

diagnosis 619

Posttranscriptional regu-

epidemiology 619

lation 19

life cycle 618–619

Posttranslational control

morphology 618

388

Pulmonary abscess 634

Poxviridae 382, 427

Pulmonary infections see

Poxviruses 426 –429

Respiratory tract infec-

clinical picture 428

tions

diagnosis 426, 429

Pyelonephritis 292, 635

epidemiology 429

Pyrimethamine 533

pathogenesis 428

Pyrogenic streptococcal

pathogens 427

exotoxins (PSE) 238

prevention 429

Predictive value 209

Prenatal infection 13

&Q

Prepatency 9, 27

Preservation 35

Prevalence 26 –27

Q fever 330, 332

Prevotella spp. 225, 317,

epidemiology 333

319

transmission 28

Primaquine 533

Quarantine 31

Primary amebic menin-

Quasispecies 391

goencephalitis (PAM) 507

Quinine 533

Priming 143

4-Quinolones 189, 195

Prions 4, 472, 473–474

mechanism of action

clinical picture 473–474

198, 199

Rhinoviruses R 689

Quinopristin 194

viruses 390

mucormycosis 368

Quorum sensing 19–20

Reduviidae 616

mycoplasmas 341

Regulator 180

nosocomial infections

&R

Regulon 170, 180

344

virulence regulon 19

parainfluenza virus 466

Reinfection 10

pertussis 632

Rabies 28, 468–470

Rejection see Transplants

pharyngitis 630

clinical course 468

Relapses 10

rhinitis (common cold)

diagnosis 645

Relapsing fever 324–326,

438, 447, 630

epidemiology 469

613

severe acute respiratory

prevention 469 –470

clinical picture 325

syndrome (SARS) 446,

postexposure prophy-

diagnosis 649

447– 448, 634

laxis 469 –470

epidemiology 325 –326

sinusitis 630

see also Rhabdoviruses

prevention 325 –326

tonsillitis 630

Radial immunodiffusion

therapy 325

see also Pneumonia;

technique 122, 123

see also Borrelia

specific infections

Radiation

Reoviruses 383, 455 –457

Restriction 171, 177–178

as disinfection/steriliza-

clinical picture 456

Restriction endonucleases

tion method 38

diagnosis 455, 456

181

ionizing 38

epidemiology 456 –457

Reticuloendothelial sys-

nonionizing 38

pathogenesis 456

tem (RES) 143

Radioallergosorbent test

pathogens 456

Retroviruses 383,

(RAST) 131

Replication

448–450

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

DNA 168, 181

carcinogenic 394–396

128–129

semiconservative 181

genome structure

Radioimmunosorbent test

viruses 381–386, 387

394–395

(RIST) 130

adsorption 384

replication 394–395

RANTES 82, 143

nucleic acid replica-

tumor induction

Rat bite fever 648

tion 384–385, 387

395 –396

Rearrangement 143

penetration and un-

pathogens 448 –449

B-cell receptor 55

coating 384

release from infected

IgG heavy chain 54

Replicon 181

cell 389

T-cell receptor 54, 55

Resistance plasmids 167,

replication 385, 387

Receptors 384

168, 176, 177

see also Human immu-

B-cell receptor 45 –46,

Respiration 161

nodeficiency virus

48–50

Respiratory chain enzymes

(HIV); Human T-cell

genetic rearrange-

151

leukemia virus (HTLV)

ment 55

Respiratory syncytial (RS)

rev gene 449

CCR chemokine receptor

virus 465, 467

Reverse transcriptase 448

139

diagnosis 630, 631, 632

Rhabditida 545

CXCR chemokine recep-

Respiratory tract infec-

Rhabdoviruses 383,

tor 140

tions 295

467–470

Duffy antigen receptor

adenoviruses 416

clinical picture 468

for chemokines (DARC)

aspergillosis 365

diagnosis 467, 468–469

85, 140

bronchiolitis 467, 632

epidemiology 28, 469

T-cell receptor (TCR) 45,

bronchitis 632

pathogenesis 468

57–58, 62

chronic obstructive pul-

pathogens 468

genetic rearrange-

monary disease (COPD)

prevention 467,

ment 53, 54, 55

632

469 –470

Recombination

empyema 634

Rhesus factor 112, 143

bacteria 143, 170,

influenza viruses

Rheumatoid factor (RF)

171–173, 180 –181

458 –460

143

homologous (legitimate)

laboratory diagnosis

Rhinitis

171, 180

209, 623, 630 –634

allergic 352

illegitimate 181

lower respiratory tract

common cold 438, 447,

site-specific 172, 181

632 –634

630

somatic 144

upper respiratory tract

Rhinoviruses 434, 438

transposition 172

630 –631

clinical picture 438

diagnosis 438, 630, 631,

fever (RMSF) 331, 332

gastrointestinal tract

632, 633

Rod bacteria 149

210, 621–622

epidemiology 438

Rolitetracycline 194

pus and wound secre-

pathogenesis 438

Romana sign 492

tions 210

pathogens 438

Roseola infantum 425

respiratory tract 209,

prevention 438

Roseolovirus 382

623

Rhipicephalus 607

Rosette formation 529

serum 623

Rhizomucor 367

Ross River virus 441

urogenital tract 210, 623

see also Mucormycoses

Rotaviruses 455 –457

see also Laboratory di-

Rhizopus spp. 354, 367

clinical picture 456

agnosis

see also Mucormycoses

diagnosis 455, 456, 638

Sandfly fever 461

Rhodococcus equi 261

epidemiology 456 –457

Saprophytes 9

Rhodotorula spp. 355, 369

pathogenesis 456

Sarcocystis (sarcocystosis)

Ribavirin 404

Roundworms 576

516–517

Ribosomes 151

large 577–579

clinical manifestations

Rickettsia

Rous sarcoma virus 394

517

akari 332

Roxithromycin 191

diagnosis 504–505, 517,

conori 332

Rubella virus 440, 441

639

diagnosis 645, 647, 651

diagnosis 650, 656

stool specimen hand-

prowazekii 227, 330, 332,

prevention 441– 442

ling 621

613

Rubeola 650

epidemiology 517

rickettsii 227, 330, 332

Rubivirus 440 –441

hominis 516–517

sibirica 332

Rubulavirus 465

life cycle 516–517

typhi 332

prevention 517

Rickettsiaceae 5, 227, 330

&S

suihominis 516–517

classification 331

therapy 517

clinical pictures 331

Sarcomas 107

culture 331

Saccharomyces 369

Kaposi sarcoma

diagnosis 331

Safety issues 217–218

425 –426, 451

morphology 148, 331

St. Louis encephalitis 443

Sarcoptes scabiei 608,

pathogenesis 331

Salmonellae (salmonel-

610– 612

therapy 331

loses) 282 –287

biology 611

see also Rickettsia

clinical pictures 285

clinical manifestations

Rickettsial pox 332

diagnosis 285, 639

611

Rifampicin 194

enteric salmonellosis

control 612

Rifamycin 194

282, 285, 286

diagnosis 612, 653

Rift Valley fever (RVF)

enterica 223, 280,

epidemiology 611

461

282 –283, 639

morphology 611

Ringworm 374

enteritidis 280, 286

transmission 29, 511

beard ringworm 374

epidemiology 287

see also Scabies

Risus sardonicus 248, 249

paratyphi 282, 286

Satellite phenomenon 302

RNA

pathogenesis 285

Scabies 610–612

messenger RNA 180,

prevention 287

clinical manifestations

387–388

taxonomy 283

611

splicing 388

Kauffmann-White

control 612

transfer RNA 181

scheme 283, 284

crustosa 611

RNA viruses 377–378,

therapy 285 –287

diagnosis 512, 653

387–388, 434 –471

transmission 28

exanthema 611

double-stranded 385,

typhi 280, 282, 286

occurrence 611

387, 455–457

typhimurium 280

transmission 29

replication 385, 387

typhoid salmonellosis

see also Sarcoptes scabiei

single-stranded 385,

282, 285, 286

Scedosporium spp. 355,

387, 434–455, 457–471

Salpingitis 338, 636

369

antisense-strand or-

Sampling 208 –210, 407,

apiospermum 355

ientation 457–471

409, 621–623

Schistosoma (schistosomo-

sense-strand orienta-

blood 210, 622

sis) 546 –554

tion 434–455

cerebrospinal fluid 210,

clinical manifestations

Rocky Mountain spotted

623

552 –553

Spirillum minus S 691

cercarial dermatitis

Selection

Siphonaptera 606,

553

antibiotic resistance

618–620

cerebral schistosomo-

201–202

clinical manifestations

sis 553

clonal selection theory

619, 620

hepatosplenic form

67

control 619

553

T cell maturation 46,

diagnosis 619, 620

intestinal schistoso-

63 –64

epidemiology 619

mosis 553

Sennetsu fever 333

life cycle 618–619

pulmonary schistoso-

Sensitivity 209

morphology 618, 619

mosis 553

Sensor proteins 151

occurrence 618

urinary schistosomo-

Sepsis 10, 253, 296, 334

prevention 620

sis 552

E. coli 293

therapy 620

control 554

meningococcal 276, 277

Sisomicin 189

diagnosis 554, 623, 625

nosocomial infections

Site-specific recombina-

cutaneous infection

344

tion 172, 181

652

Septic arthritis 654

Skin infections see Cuta-

gastrointestinal tract

Serodiagnosis 405, 411,

neous infections

640, 643

623

Skin snip 624

respiratory tract 634

Serratia 223, 280

Skin-associated lymphoid

urogenital tract 636

marcescens 295

tissue (SALT) 48

distribution 547

nosocomial infection

Slapped cheek syndrome

epidemiology 551

343

412–413

haematobium 543, 546,

Serum resistance 13, 282

Sleeping sickness 483,

548, 551–553

Serum sickness 113, 143

485 –491

diagnosis 636

Sesquiterpene lactones

clinical manifestations

immunity 553 –554

533

488 –489

intercalatum 547, 548,

Severe acute respiratory

diagnosis 490, 625

551

syndrome (SARS) 446,

distribution 485

japonicum 546 –547,

447– 448

epidemiology 488

548, 551, 553

diagnosis 634

prevention 490 –491

life cycle 549–551

Severe combined immu-

therapy 490

migration in human

nodeficiency disease

see also Trypanosoma

body 551

(SCID) 143

brucei

mansoni 543, 546, 548,

Sexually transmitted dis-

Small, round-structured

550, 551, 553, 643

eases see specific diseases

viruses (SRSV) 439, 440

mekongi 547, 548, 551,

Shell vial assay 408

Smallpox 426, 427, 428

553

Shigalike toxins 288, 294

diagnosis 650

morphology 547–548

Shigatoxin 288

eradication 427

occurrence 546 –547

Shigella 280, 287–289

infection/immune re-

pathogenesis 551–552

boydii 223, 287

sponse relationship 104

acute phase 551

classification 287–288

Sodoku 648

chronic phase

clinical picture 288

Somatic mutation 144

551–552

diagnosis 288, 638

Somatic recombination

penetration phase 551

dysenteriae 223, 287

144

prevention 554

epidemiology 288 –289

Soor see Candida

spindale 553

flexneri 223, 287

Sources of infection 30

therapy 554

pathogenesis 288

nosocomial infections

Schizopyrenidea 477

sonnei 223, 287

345

Scleritis 655

Shingles 422

South American blasto-

Scopulariopsis 369

see also Varicella-zoster

mycosis 354, 361

Scrapie 473

virus (VZV)

diagnosis 361

Secernentia 545

Shutoff phenomena 393

therapy 361

Secondary lymphoid organ

Siderophores 13

Sparfloxacin 189

chemokine (SLC) 83

Sigma factors 168, 170, 181

Specificity 209

Secretion system proteins

Signal proteins 151

Spectinomycin 189

151

Simplexvirus 382

Spirilla 149

Secretory piece 143

Sindbis virus 441

Spirillum minus 308

Selectins 84

Sinusitis 365, 630

diagnosis 648

Spirurida 545

digestive glands 641,

Lancefield groups 235

Spleen 48

642

normal microbial flora

Splenic abscess 642

ear infection 658

25

Splenomegaly 144

eye infections 655

oral 236, 242–243

Sporadic occurrence 27

gastrointestinal

Streptococcus

Sporangiospores 351

tract 638

agalactiae 220, 236, 242

Spores

muscle/joint infec-

bovis 236

bacterial 159 –160

tion 654

diagnosis 654

fungal 351, 352

nervous system 646

milleri 642, 643, 646

asexual 351

peritonitis 642, 643

nosocomial infection

sexual 352

respiratory tract

343

Sporothrix schenckii 355,

630, 631, 633, 634

pneumoniae 220,

372

urogenital tract 635

234 –235, 236, 240–242

diagnosis 652, 655, 657

epidemiology 233

antibiotic resistance

Sporotrichosis 355, 372

fine structure 230

241–242

diagnosis 652

morphology 230, 231

antigen structure 240

Sporozoites 370

nosocomial infection

clinical pictures 240

Spotted fever 330, 332

343

culture 240

diagnosis 651

pathogenesis

diagnosis 241

epidemiology 331

232 –233

cardiovascular sys-

Japanese 332

invasive infections

tem 647

Rocky Mountain 331,

232

ear infection 658

332

mixed forms 233

joint infection 654

Spread 12

toxicoses 233

peritonitis 642

Spring-summer menin-

prevention 233

respiratory tract

goencephalitis (SSME)

therapy 233

630, 631, 632, 633,

443

toxins 17, 231–232

634

Spumaviruses 449

epidermidis 220, 230,

epidemiology 242

Sputum analysis 209

234

morphology 240, 241

Staining 146 –148,

saprophyticus 220, 230,

pathogenesis 240

211–212

234

prophylaxis 242

differential 148,

diagnosis 635

therapy 241–242

211–212

see also Staphylococci

pyogenes 220, 234, 236,

Gram staining 211–212

Stenotrophomonas malto-

237–240

simple 148, 211

philia 225, 310

clinical pictures 238,

Staphylococci 220,

Sterilization 34–35

239

229 –234

chemical methods

culture 237

coagulase-negative sta-

39 –40

diagnosis 238

phylococci (CNS) 234

kinetics of pathogen

cutaneous infection

eye infection 656, 657

killing 35–36

651

infection/immune re-

mechanisms of action

digestive glands 642

sponse relationship 104

36 –37

ear infection 658

normal microbial flora

physical methods of

muscle infection

25

37–38

654

nosocomial infection

dry heat 37 –38

peritonitis 642

343

filtration 38

respiratory tract

Staphylococcus 229 –230

moist heat 37

630, 631, 634

aureus 220, 230 –233

radiation 38

epidemiology 240

antibiotic resistance

Stomatitis 630

extracellular toxins

233

Stool samples 621–622

and enzymes 238

clinical pictures

Streptobacillus monilifor-

fine structure 237

232 –233

mis 226, 305

morphology 237

culture 230

diagnosis 648

pathogenesis 238, 239

diagnosis 233

Streptococci 234 –236

prophylaxis 240

cardiovascular sy-

classification 220, 235

therapy 238

stem 647

eye infections 655, 656,

see also Streptococci

cutaneous infection

657

Streptogramins 194

651

hemolysis 235

Streptokinase 238

Tapeworms T 693

antibody assays

Streptolysin O 238

specificity 62

Streptolysin S 238

321–322

subpopulations 64–66

Streptomyces somaliensis

antilipoidal anti-

tolerance 90–93

652

bodies 321–322

central 90

Streptomycin 189

immunofluores-

complete, exhaustive

Strigeatida 545

cence test (FTA-ABS)

T-cell induction

Stripping 144

322

91–92

Stromal cells 62

Treponema pallidum

peripheral 90–91

Stromal cell-derived factor

immobilization

T-cell indifference/ig-

(SDF) 83

(TPI) test 322

norance 91

Strongylida 545

Treponema pallidum

cd T cells 66

Strongyloides (strongyloi-

particle agglutina-

T-cell lymphoma 424

dosis) 582–585, 602

tion (TP-PA) 322

T-cell receptor (TCR) 45,

clinical manifestations

pathogen identifica-

57–58, 62

584

tion 321

genetic rearrangement

diagnosis 584–585, 626,

epidemiology 323

53, 54, 55

640, 652

latent 321

Taenia (taeniosis) 544,

specimen handling

nonvenereal 323

560 –565

622

prevention 323

asiatica 29, 562

fuelleborni 582 –583

stage I (primary) 321

saginata 560–563

life cycle 582 –584

stage II (secondary) 321

clinical manifestations

morphology 583

stage III (tertiary/late)

562

occurrence 582 –583

321

diagnosis 562, 625,

pathogenesis 584

syphilis connata 321

640

prevention 585

therapy 323

epidemiology

stercoralis 544,

see also Treponema pal-

561–562

582 –583, 640

lidum

life cycle 560 –561,

therapy 585

563

Subacute sclerosing pan-

&T

occurrence 560

encephalitis (SSPE) 466

pathogenesis 562

Subdural abscess 646

prevention 562

Subdural empyema 646

T cells 45, 46– 48, 71–72

therapy 562

Sulfadoxine 533, 534

activation 71–72, 73

transmission 29

Sulfonamides 194, 195,

by superantigens 72

solium 564

533

antigen recognition 52

clinical manifestations

mechanisms of action

antiviral protection 79,

564

198, 199

402

cysticercosis 564–565

Sulfones 533

autoimmune 114–115

diagnosis 564, 623,

Superantigens 15, 17, 72

cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

625

endogenous 72

64–66, 75 –76

cutaneous infection

exogenous 72

perforin-dependent

653

T-cell activation 72

cytotoxicity 100

eye infection 657

Supercoil 181

detection of, tetramer

gastrointestinal

Superinfection 10

test 131, 134

tract 640

Suppressor cell 144

helper T cells (CD4+) 64,

muscle infection

Surface disinfection 41

72–75, 141

654

Surfactants 40

subpopulations 75, 78

nervous system 646

Susceptibility 8, 11

interactions 72–75

life cycle 563, 564

Swallow bug 616

in antigen recognition

occurrence 564

Swimming-pool conjunc-

65

prevention 564

tivitis 336, 339

maturation 47, 63 –64

therapy 564

Syngeneic transplants 116,

negative selection 46,

transmission 29

144

63

Tapeworms 560

(2’-5’)(A)n Synthetase 401

positive selection

beef 560 –563

Syphilis 320 – 323

63 –64

broad 575–576

clinical picture 320–321

memory 95 –96, 98–99

dwarf 575

diagnosis 321–322, 637,

MHC restriction 58, 142

dwarf dog 566–571

651

nonlytic responses 100

dwarf fox 571–574

fish 575– 576

Tolerance see Immunoto-

extraintestinal phase

pork 564–565

lerance

510

tat gene 449

Tonsillitis 630

intestinal phase 510

Teicoplanin 191

Torulopsis glabrata 355,

oocysts 509–510

mechanism of action 198

369

tachyzoites 508 – 509

Telothromycin 191

Toxic shock syndrome

occurrence 508

Temocillin 193

(TSS) 233

ocular toxoplasmosis

Temperature coefficient 36

Toxic shock syndrome

513

Terbinafine 357

toxin-1 (TSST-1) 17, 232

pathogenicity 512

Terminator 181

Toxin-coregulated pili

prenatal toxoplasmosis

Tetanospasmin 248

(TCP) 298

513, 514

Tetanus 246, 248

Toxins

prevention 514–515

clinical picture 248, 249

bacterial 15, 16–17

primary infection 512

diagnosis 248, 646

AB toxins 15, 16

during pregnancy 512

epidemiology 249

endotoxins 140, 156

in immunocompetent

prophylaxis 249–250

enterotoxins 15, 232,

persons 512, 513

therapy 248

282, 293

in immunosuppressed

see also Clostridium te-

exotoxins 15

persons 512, 513–514

tani

membrane toxins 15,

reactivation toxoplas-

Tetanus toxin 16, 248

16

mosis 512–513

Tetracyclines 194, 195, 533

superantigen toxins

therapy 514

mechanism of action 198

15, 17

Tracheobronchitis 365

Tetramer test 131, 134, 144

fungal 353

Trachipleistophora 539

Thelohania 539

see also specific toxins

Trachoma 336, 338–339

Thienamycin 193, 195

Toxocara (toxocarosis)

diagnosis 338–339, 655

Threadworms, dwarf

603 –604

see also Chlamydia tra-

582 –585

canis 646

chomatis

Thymus 62

diagnosis 634, 657

Transcription

T cell maturation 47

clinical manifestations

bacteria 168–169, 181

Thymus-expressed che-

603

regulation 170

mokine (TECK) 83

diagnosis 603, 625

viruses 387

Ticarcillin 193

distribution 603

Transcriptional regulation

Tickborne encephalitis

epidemiology 603

18–19

(TBE) 28, 443, 607

life cycle 603

Transduction 171,

diagnosis 644, 645

mystax 646

174–175, 181

see also Ixodes

prevention 604

Transfer RNA 181

Ticks 606, 607–610

therapy 604

Transformation 174, 181

castor bean 607–610

Toxoplasma gondii (toxo-

bacterial 170–171, 174

common sheep

plasmosis) 508 –515

blastic 144

607– 610

clinical manifestations

see also Tumor transfor-

tick bite prevention 610

512

mation

Tinea

diagnosis 513–514, 625

Transforming growth fac-

barbae 355, 374

cardiovascular system

tor ß (TGFß) 83

capitis 355, 374

647

Translation

corporis 355, 374

eye infections 657

bacteria 169, 181

nigra 374

hematopoietic system

viruses 387–388

pedis 355, 374

649

posttranslational con-

unguium 355, 374

nervous system 646

trol 388

versicolor 374

respiratory tract 634

Transmission 26 –30

Tinidazole 192

epidemiology 514

pathways 26, 28

Tissue specimens 624

prenatal toxoplasmo-

viruses 397

Tobramycin 189, 195

sis 513

see also specific patho-

Togaviruses 383, 440– 442

transmission 29

gens

clinical picture 441

immunity 512

Transplants

diagnosis 441, 644, 645

life cycle 508 –511

allogeneic 116, 139

pathogenesis 441

bradyzoites (cysto-

bone marrow 116

pathogens 441

zoites) 509

rejection 63, 115–117

prevention 441– 442

external phase 510

acute 117