Hart C. Anthony, Shears Paul. Color Atlas of Medical Microbiology.pdf
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Eyes and ears |
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Table 12.12 Eyes and ears |
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Infection |
Most important pathogens |
Laboratory diagnosis |
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Trachoma |
Chlamydia trachomatis, |
Microscopical detection of |
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serovars A, B, Ba, C |
inclusions in conjunctival cells |
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(Giemsa stain); direct immuno- |
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fluorescence; cell culture; |
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antigen detection using EIA; |
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PCR. Serology: recombinant |
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immunoassay for antibodies |
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to genus-specific antigen |
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(LPS or MOMP). Microimmuno- |
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fluorescence for antibodies to |
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speciesand var-specific anti- |
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bodies. |
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Conjunctivitis/scleritis |
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Viruses |
Adenoviruses |
Isolation from swab |
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Enteroviruses |
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Influenzaviruses |
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Measles virus |
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Bacteria |
Neisseria spp. |
Microscopy and culture for |
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Streptococcus spp. |
bacteria in conjunctival secre- |
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Staphylococcus aureus |
tion or in scrapings |
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Haemophilus spp. |
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Enterobacteriaceae |
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Pseudomonas spp. |
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Mycobacterium spp. |
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Moraxella lacunata |
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Chlamydia trachomatis |
See at “trachoma” (this table) |
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(inclusion conjunctivitis) |
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Treponema pallidum |
Serology (basic diagnostics) |
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Fungi |
Candida spp. |
Microscopy and culture for |
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Sporothrix schenckii |
fungi in conjunctival secretion |
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or in corneal scrapings |
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Helminths |
Onchocerca volvulus |
Microscopy for microfilariae in |
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skin snips (or conjunctival) |
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biopsy; serology |
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Loa loa |
Microscopy for microfilariae in |
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diurnal blood; serology |
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12 |
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656 12 Etiological and Laboratory Diagnostic Summaries in Tabular Form 
Table 12.12 Continued: Eyes and ears
Infection |
Most important pathogens |
Laboratory diagnosis |
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Keratitis |
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Viruses |
Herpes simplex virus |
Cell culture and PCR from |
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Adenoviruses |
swab or corneal scrapings |
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Varicella zoster virus |
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Bacteria |
Staphylococcus spp. |
Microscopy and culture for |
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Streptococcus spp. |
bacteria swab or corneal |
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Neisseria gonorrheae |
scrapings |
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Enterobacteriaceae |
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Pseudomonas spp. |
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Bacillus spp. |
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Mycobacterium spp. |
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Moraxella lacunata |
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Actinomyces spp. |
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Nocardia spp. |
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Chlamydia trachomatis |
Diagnostic procedures with |
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corneal swab or scrapings |
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see at “trachoma” (this table) |
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Treponema pallidum |
Serology (basic diagnostics) |
Fungi |
Candida spp. |
Microscopy and culture for |
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Aspergillus spp. |
fungi in swab or corneal |
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Fusarium solani |
scrapings |
Protozoa |
Acanthamoeba spp. |
Culture and microscopy |
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from conjunctival lavage and |
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contact lens washing fluid, |
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DNA detection |
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Endophthalmitis |
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Viruses |
Herpes simplex viruses |
Cell culture and PCR in |
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Varicella zoster virus |
aqueous and vitreous |
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Measles virus |
aspiration; serology with |
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Rubella virus |
aqueous humor as required |
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(german measles) |
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12
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Eyes and ears 657 |
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Table 12.12 Continued: Eyes and ears |
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Infection |
Most important pathogens |
Laboratory diagnosis |
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Bacteria |
Staphylococcus spp. |
Microscopy (gram) and culture |
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Streptococcus spp. |
for aerobic and anaerobic bac- |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
teria and mycobacteria in |
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Enterobacteriaceae |
aqueous and vitreous |
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Pseudomonas spp. |
aspiration. |
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Bacillus spp. |
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Mycobacterium spp. |
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Moraxella lacunata |
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Actinomyces spp. |
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Nocardia spp. |
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Chlamydia trachomatis |
Cell culture or PCR in aqueous |
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and vitreous aspiration; |
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serology with aqueous humor |
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as required; antibodies in blood |
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Treponema pallidum |
Serology (basic diagnostics) |
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Fungi |
Candida spp. |
Microscopy (Gram, Giemsa) |
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Aspergillus spp. |
and culture for fungi in |
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Blastomyces dermatitidis |
aqueous and vitreous |
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Histoplasma capsulatum |
aspiration. |
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Mucorales |
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Sporothrix schenckii |
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Fusarium spp. |
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Trichosporon spp. |
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Protozoa |
Acanthamoeba spp. |
Microscopy and culturing (con- |
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junctival fluid and contact lens |
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washing fluid), DNA detection |
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Toxoplasma gondii |
Serology |
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Helminths |
Onchocerca volvulus |
Direct detection of microfilariae |
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in aqueous humor with slit |
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lamp; serology |
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Toxocara canis |
Serology |
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Taenia solium |
Serology |
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(ocular cysticercosis) |
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658 12 Etiological and Laboratory Diagnostic Summaries in Tabular Form 
Table 12.12 Continued: Eyes and ears
Infection |
Most important pathogens |
Laboratory diagnosis |
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Otitis externa |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Microscopy and culture for |
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Staphylococcus aureus |
bacteria of swab material |
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Streptococcus pyogenes |
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Aspergillus spp. |
Microscopy and culture for |
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Candida spp. |
fungi of swab material |
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Otitis media |
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
Microscopy and culture for |
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Haemophilus influenzae |
bacteria of middle ear |
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Streptococcus pyogenes |
punctate as required |
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Staphylococcus aureus |
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Moraxella catarrhalis (children) |
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Respiratory viruses (25%) |
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661
Medical Microbiology and the Internet
An ever-growing number of websites specific to problems in microbiology, infection, and communicable disease are today available on the Internet. Below is a compilation of the most important addresses.
Institution |
Internet address |
Description |
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World Health Organization |
http://www.who.ch/ |
Home page for the WHO |
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http://www.who.int/emc/ |
WHO subsite providing |
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weekly infectious disease |
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news, prevention, and travel |
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information worldwide |
Centers for Disease Control |
http://www.cdc.gov/ |
Home page for the CDC |
and Prevention (CDC) |
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http://www.cdc.gov/travel/ |
CDC subsite providing infor- |
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index.htm |
mation for travelers |
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http://www.cdc.gov/ |
CDC subsite with links related |
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ncidod/id_links.htm |
to infectious diseases |
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http://www.cdc.gov/nip |
CDC subsite recommending |
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childhood and adolescent |
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immunization schedules—USA |
American Society of |
http://www.asm.org/search |
Homepage of the ASM. |
Microbiology (ASM) |
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Links to medical microbology |
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and infectious diseases |
Infectious Disease Society |
http://www.idsociety.org/ |
Homepage of IDSA providing |
of America (IDSA) |
index.html |
links to infectious diseases |
International Society for |
http://idis.org |
Homepage of ISID providing |
Infectious Diseases (ISID) |
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links to infectious diseases |
Public Health Laboratory |
http://www.co.uk |
Homepage of the PHLS. Links |
Service (PHLS), equivalent |
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to clinical microbiology and |
to CDC for Great Britain |
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infectious diseases, GB |
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662 Medical Microbiology and the Internet
Institution |
Internet address |
Description |
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Robert Koch Institut |
http://www.rki.de |
Homepage of the RKI. Links |
(RKI), equivalent to CDC |
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to clinical microbiology and |
for Germany |
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infectious diseases. Health |
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laws and regulations valid for |
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Germany |
Society for Systematic and |
htpp://bacterio.cict.fr |
List of bacterial names with |
Veterinary Bacteriology (F) |
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standing in nomenclature |
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(LBSN) |
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663
Index
&A |
sulfur granules 258 |
Bordetella pertussis 315 |
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therapy 260 |
Enterobacteriaceae 282 |
AB toxins 15, 16 |
see also Actinomycoses |
Adjuvant 139 |
ABO blood system |
Actinomycetes 254 –255, |
Freund’s (FA) 141 |
111–112 |
258 |
Aedes aegypti 616 |
Abscess |
culture 259 |
see also Mosquitoes |
cerebral 646 |
morphology 258–259 |
Aerobes 163 |
epidural 646 |
occurrence 258 |
Aeromonas spp. 224, 300 |
intraperitoneal 643 |
see also Actinomycoses |
Affinity 139 |
liver 502, 503, 642 |
Actinomycetomas 273 |
maturation 139 |
pancreatic 641 |
Actinomycoses 258 |
Afipia felis 335 |
pulmonary 634 |
abdominal 259 |
diagnosis 649 |
splenic 642 |
cervicofacial 259 |
Aflatoxins 353 |
Absidia spp. 354, 367 |
genital 259 |
African eyeworm 593 |
see also Mucormycoses |
thoracic 259 |
Agar diffusion test 204 |
Acanthamoeba (acantha- |
see also Actinomyces |
Agglutination reaction |
mebosis) 507 |
Acute necrotic ulcerous |
123–125 |
culbertsoni 507 |
gingivostomatitis 631 |
Aggressins 7, 8, 11 |
cultivation 623 |
Acute retroviral syndrome |
AIDS 448 |
diagnosis 646 |
451 |
clinical categories 452 |
eye infections 656, 657 |
Acute rheumatic fever 238 |
diagnosis 448 |
Acid fastness 262 |
Acycloguanosine 404 |
AIDS-defining dis- |
Acinetobacter 278, 643 |
Acyclovir 404 |
eases 452, 453 |
baumanii 223, 278 |
Acylureidopenicillins 193 |
immunopathology and |
calcoaceticus 223, 278 |
Adamantanamin 404 |
106 |
nosocomial infection |
Adenocarcinoma, gastric |
mycobacterial infection |
343 |
638 |
271 |
Acquired immune defi- |
Adenophoria 545 |
prevention 448 |
ciency syndrome see AIDS |
Adenoviruses 382, |
see also Human immu- |
Acrodermatitis chronic |
416–418 |
nodeficiency virus |
atrophicans 327 |
clinical picture 416–417 |
(HIV); Opportunistic |
Actinobacillus actinomyce- |
diagnosis 417 |
pathogens |
temcomitans 304 |
cardiovascular system |
AIDS encephalopathy 451 |
Actinomadura madurae |
647 |
Alastrim 427, 429 |
652 |
eye infections 655, 656 |
Alcaligenes faecalis 305 |
Actinomyces 221, 258 –260 |
gastrointestinal tract |
Alcohol disinfection 39 |
clinical picture 259 |
638 |
Aldehydes 39 |
diagnosis 259 |
nervous system 645 |
Allele 139 |
cardiovascular system |
respiratory tract 630, |
Allelic exclusion 67 |
647 |
631, 632 |
Allergy 43 –44, 139 |
eye infections 656, 657 |
epidemiology 417–418 |
IgE-triggered anaphy- |
epidemiology 260 |
pathogenesis 416 |
laxis 108 –109 |
israelii 221, 258 |
pathogens 416 |
mycogenic 352–353 |
naeslundii 258 |
Adhesins 7, 11 |
Allogeneic transplants 116, |
pathogenesis 259 |
Adhesion 11–12 |
139 |
pyogenes 261 |
Adhesion factors |
Alloreactivity 133–134 |
664 A Allotransplant
Allotransplant 139 |
obligate 163 |
intestinal 245 |
Allotype 56, 139 |
see also specific patho- |
prophylaxis 245 |
Allylamines 357 |
gens |
therapy 245 |
Alpha toxin 16, 231 |
Anaerobic cellulitis |
see also Bacillus anthra- |
Alphavirus 440 –441 |
246–248 |
cis |
Alternaria spp. 354, 369 |
clinical picture 247 |
Anthropogenic evolution |
Alveolata 477 |
diagnosis 248, 651, 653 |
203 |
Alveolitis, allergic 353, 365 |
pathogen spectrum 246 |
Anthroponoses 26 |
Amandibulata 606 |
pathogenesis 247 |
Antibiotic resistance 24, |
Amantadine 404 |
therapy 248 |
201–205 |
Ambisense genome 463 |
toxins 246–247 |
definitions 201 |
Amebiasis see Amebosis |
Anaphylatoxin 113, 139 |
evolution of 203 |
Amebosis 499 –506 |
Anaphylaxis 108 –109, 139 |
genetic variability 201 |
clinical manifestations |
passive cutaneous (PCA) |
mechanisms 202 –203 |
502 –503 |
143 |
multiple resistance 201 |
diagnosis 503 –506, 625, |
Anaplasma phagocytophi- |
problematic bacteria 201 |
639 |
lum 227, 333 |
resistance plasmids 167, |
antibody assay 506 |
Ancylostoma (ancylosto- |
168, 176, 177 |
coproantigen detec- |
mosis) 544, 580 –582 |
selection 201–202 |
tion 506, 622 |
braziliense 602 |
tests 204–205 |
coproscopic diagnosis |
caninum 580, 602 |
see also specific bacteria |
503 |
clinical manifestations |
Antibiotic therapy |
differential diagnosis |
582 |
187– 202 |
504–506 |
control 582 |
chemoprophylaxis |
epidemiology 502 |
diagnosis 582, 640, 652 |
206–207 |
extraintestinal 502, 503, |
duodenale 580 |
combination therapy |
506 |
life cycle 580 –582 |
205 –206 |
immunity 503 |
morphology 580 |
definitions 187–188 |
intestinal 503 –506 |
occurrence 580 |
efficacy 196 –197 |
asymptomatic |
therapy 582 |
mechanisms of action |
500–502 |
Ancylostomosis see Ancy- |
197–199 |
symptomatic 500, 503 |
lostoma (ancylostomosis); |
pharmacokinetics 200 |
prevention 506 |
Necator (ancylostomosis) |
side effects 200 |
therapy 506 |
Anemia |
spectrum of action 196 |
see also Entamoeba |
aplastic crises 412 |
see also Antibiotic resis- |
Amikacin 189 |
in malaria 529 |
tance; specific infections |
Aminocyclitol antibiotics |
Anergy 44 |
Antibiotic-associated coli- |
189 |
Angiostrongylus (angio- |
tis 251 |
Aminoglycosides 189, 195 |
strongyliosis) 604 |
Antibodies 44, 45 –46, 100, |
mechanism of action 198 |
cantonensis 604 |
139 |
resistance mechanisms |
costaricensis 604 |
antinuclear (ANA) 139 |
202 |
Animal testing, in diag- |
antiviral protection 402 |
Aminopenicillins 193 |
nostic bacteriology 217 |
autoantibody responses |
4-Aminoquinolines 533 |
Anisakis (anisakiosis) 604 |
110–111 |
8-Aminoquinolines 533 |
diagnosis 626 |
combining site 140 |
Amodiaquine 533 |
Anopheles 616 |
Fab 52, 140 –141 |
Amoebozoa 477 |
control 537 |
Fc fragment 53, 140 |
Amoxicillin 193 |
see also Mosquitoes |
monoclonal 69, 70 |
Amphotericin B 356 |
Anoplura 606, 612–615 |
toxic 120 |
Ampicillin 193 |
biology 613 |
see also Immunoglobu- |
Amplification culture 408 |
medical significance 613 |
lins |
Amplification techniques |
morphology 613 |
Antibody assays 121–129 |
216–217 |
see also specific parasites |
agglutination reaction |
Anabolic reactions |
Anthrax 220, 244–245 |
123–125 |
160 –161, 163 |
dermal 245, 651 |
amebosis 506 |
Anaerobes |
diagnosis 245, 651 |
complement fixation |
aerotolerant 163 |
epidemiology 245 |
test (CFT) 125 |
facultative 163 |
inhalational 245 |
enzyme immunoassay |