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Aspergillus (aspergillosis) A 665

(EIA) 128 –129

immunoelectropho-

Archaea 5

HIV antibody detection

resis 122 –123, 124

killing of 35

453

immunoprecipitate

Archaeopsylla erinacei 618

immunofluorescence

121

Arenaviruses 383,

125–128

nephelometry 122

462 –464

direct 125 –126, 127

radial immunodiffu-

clinical picture 463

indirect 127–128

sion technique 122,

diagnosis 464, 644, 645,

immunoprecipitation in

123

650

liquids and gels

Western blotting 123,

epidemiology 464

121–123

125

pathogenesis 463

double diffusion tech-

malaria 531

pathogens 463

nique 121–122, 141

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

prevention 464

immunoelectropho-

128–129

Artemether 533, 534

resis 122 –123, 124

Antigen presentation

Artemisinin 533

immunoprecipitate

60 –62, 65

Artesunates 533

121

Antigen presenting cells

Arthritis

nephelometry 122

(APC) 62 –63, 65, 74, 76,

Lyme disease 326, 327

radial immunodiffu-

78, 92

polyarthritis 115

sion technique 122,

distribution 48

septic 654

123

Antigen recognition 52

Arthropods 7, 606–607

Western blotting 123,

Antigen-binding sites

classification 606

125

(ABS) 44, 53, 139

zoonoses 29, 30

leptospirosis 329 –330

Antigenic shift 460

see also specific parasites

malaria 531

Antigenic variation 14–15,

Arthrospores 351

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

489

Arthus reaction 114

128–129

Antigens 44–45, 67–68,

Arylaminoalcohols 533

syphilis 321–322

139

Ascaridida 545

antilipoidal antibodies

epitopes 68

Ascaris lumbricoides (as-

321–322

self antigens 92

cariosis) 544, 577–579

antitreponema anti-

superantigens 14, 17, 72

clinical manifestations

bodies 322

T help-dependent

578 –579

Antibody-dependent cel-

68,144

control 579

lular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

type 1 T-independent

diagnosis 579, 626, 634,

85, 139

(TI1) 68

640

Anticodon 179

type 2 T-independent

epidemiology 578

Antigen assays 121 –129,

(TI2) 68

life cycle 577, 578

217, 409

see also Antigen assays

morphology 577

agglutination reaction

Antiglobulin tests

occurrence 577

123–125

124–125

pathogenesis 578–579

amebosis 506

Antilipoidal antibodies

intestinal phase 579

complement fixation

321–322

larval migration

test (CFT) 125

Antimalarial drugs

578 –579

coproantigen detection

533–534

therapy 579

506, 622

drug combinations 534

Ascospores 352

enzyme immunoassay

resistance to 532

Aseptic measures 35

(EIA) 128 –129

Antiphagocytosis 13

Aspergilloma 365

fungal infections 356

Antiseptic measures 35

Aspergillus (aspergillosis)

HIV antigen detection

Antitreponema antibodies

354, 364–366, 372

453

322

cerebral 365

immunofluorescence

Apalcillin 193

clinical pictures 365

125–128

Apicomplexa 477

culture 364

direct 125 –126, 127

Apicoplast 509

diagnosis 365

indirect 127–128

Apoptosis 392, 393

cardiovascular system

immunoprecipitation in

Arachnida 606, 607–612

647

liquids and gels

see also specific parasites

cutaneous infection

121–123

Arboviruses 442

652

double diffusion tech-

Arcanobacterium hemoly-

ear infection 658

nique 121–122, 141

ticum 261

eye infections 656, 657

666 A Aspergillus (aspergillosis)

nervous system 645,

B-cell receptor 45 –46,

chemical characteris-

646

48–50

tics 215

respiratory tract 633,

genetic rearrangement

diagnostic animal

634

55

tests 217

flavus 364

Babesia (babesiosis) 538

molecular methods

fumigatus 354, 364, 365

diagnosis 649

216–217

morphology 364

divergens 538

morphological char-

pathogenesis 364

microti 538

acteristics 214, 215

respiratory tract infec-

Bacillary angiomatosis

physiological charac-

tion 365

334, 649

teristics 214, 215

therapy 366

Bacillus

see also Laboratory

Asthma 353

anthracis 220, 244–245

diagnosis

Astigmata 606, 612

culture 245

invasion and spread 12

Astroviruses 383, 438,

diagnosis 651

killing of

439

morphology 245

kinetics 35–36

clinical picture 439

pathogenesis 245

phagocytosis 23

diagnosis 439, 638

see also Anthrax

metabolism 160 –164

epidemiology 439

cereus 638

anabolic reactions 163

pathogenesis 439

eye infections 656, 657

catabolic reactions

Athlete’s foot 374

Bacitracin 194

161–163

Atopia 109, 139

mechanism of action 198

metabolic regulation

Atovaquone 533, 534, 535

Bacteremia, transitory 10

164

Attachment pili 158

Bacteria 5–6

types of 160– 161

Autoantibody responses

adhesion 11–12

molecular genetics

110–111

classification 218–219

166–170

Autoimmune disease 113

culture see Bacterial

morphology 146 –148

see also Immunopathol-

culture

nomenclature 228

ogy

diagnosis see Laboratory

normal flora 24–25

Autoimmunity 43 –44,

diagnosis

nosocomial infections

110–111

fine structure 148–160

343, 344

mechanisms 111

forms 146 –148, 149

pathogenicity 7– 11

Autologous 139

L-forms 156 –157, 196

genetics of 20–21

Autosomes 139

genetic variability

problem bacteria 24, 201

Avidity 139

170–179

spores 159 –160

Axostylata 477

antibiotic resistance

taxonomy 218 –219

Azithromycin 191

201

toxins 15, 16–17

Azlocillin 193

intercellular mecha-

typing 186

Azoles 356

nisms 174–179

virulence 7–11

Aztreonam 192

molecular mecha-

regulation of 18–20

 

nisms 171–173

zoonoses 28, 29

&B

gram-negative 222 –226

see also specific bacteria

attachment pili 158

Bacterial culture 164,

 

cell wall 154– 157

212–214

B cells 45 –46, 67–71

virulence protein se-

bacterial mass 166

antigen presentation 63

cretion 17

cell count 165 –166

antigen recognition 52

gram-positive 220 –222

conditions required for

clonal selection theory

cell wall 152– 154

growth 214

67

growth 165

growth curve 165

interactions 72–75

host immunity evasion

nutrient media 164, 212,

maturation 47

7–8, 12–15, 102

213

memory 94–96

nonspecific immunity

proliferation forms

proliferation 69–69

12–13

212–214

T-independent re-

specific immunity

see also specific bacteria

sponses 69 –71

13–15

Bacterial peliosis hepatis/

tolerance 93–94

identification of

splenica 334

B-cell attractant (BCA-1)

214–218

Bactericidal activity 196

83

bacterial antigen de-

Bacteriophages 175,

B-cell lymphoma 69

tection 217

182 –186

Brucella (brucellosis) B 667

burst size 185

resistance mechanisms

classification 326

composition 183

202

culture 326

definition 182

Biguanides 533

diagnosis 327, 645,

importance of 186

Bilharziosis see Schistoso-

651

latency period 185

ma (schistosomosis)

morphology 326

lysogeny 186

Bioburden 35

pathogenesis

morphology 182 –183

Biofilm 158 –159, 234

326 –327

release from host cell

Biopsies 624

see also Lyme disease

185

Bipolaris spp. 354, 369

clinical picture 325

reproduction 184–185

BK virus 415–416

culture 325

Bacteriostasis 196

clinical picture 415–416

diagnosis 325, 649

Bacteroidaceae 24, 225,

diagnosis 416

duttonii 226, 324–326,

317–319

pathogenesis 415–416

649

classification 317

Blastocystis hominis

epidemiology 325 –326

clinical pictures 318

504–505

garinii 226

culture 317

diagnosis 639

hermsii 226, 324–326

diagnosis 318

Blastomyces

morphology 324

epidemiology 319

brasiliensis 361

pathogenesis 325

morphology 317

dermatitidis 354, 361

prevention 325 –326

occurrence 317

diagnosis 657

recurrentis 226,

pathogenesis 317–318

Blastomycoses

324–326, 613, 649

prevention 319

North American 354,

relapsing fevers

therapy 318

361

324–326

Bacteroides spp. 225, 317,

diagnosis 361

significance 324

319

therapy 361

taxonomy 324

Balamuthia (balamuthio-

South American 354,

therapy 325

sis) 507

361

Botulinum neurotoxin 250

mandrillaris 507

diagnosis 361

Botulism 246, 250

Balantidium coli (balanti-

therapy 361

clinical picture 250

dosis) 542

see also Blastomyces

diagnosis 250, 646

Bang’s disease see Brucella

Blastospores 351

epidemiology 250

(brucellosis)

Blood flukes see Schistoso-

infant botulism 250

Bartonella 227, 334–335

ma

prevention 250

bacilliformis 227, 334

Blood sampling 210, 622

therapy 250

diagnosis 649

Boeck’s sarcoid, diagnostic

wound botulism 250

claridgeia 227, 334, 649

test 99

see also Clostridium bo-

classification 334

Bone infections 653 –654

tulinum

clinical pictures 334

Bone marrow 62

Brachycera 606, 616–617

culture 334

B cell maturation 47

bite reactions 616

diagnosis 335

dendritic cells 62

myiasis 617

epidemiology 335

transplantation 116

role as vectors 616

henselae 227, 334, 649

Bordetella 313, 315–316

Brazilian purpuric fever

morphology 334

bronchiseptica 315

303

quintana 227, 334, 613

parapertussis 315

Brill-Zinseer disease 332

therapy 335

pertussis 225, 313, 315

BRO penicillinases 278

Basal body 158

culture 315

Bronchiolitis 467, 632

Basidiospores 352

diagnosis 316, 632

Bronchitis 632

BCG vaccine 268

morphology 315

Bronchoalveolar lavage

Beard ringworm 374

pathogenesis 315

(BAL) 209

Bedbug 616

virulence regulation

Bronchopneumonia 240

Bence-Jones proteins 69,

19, 315

Bronchus-associated lym-

139

see also Whooping

phoid tissue (BALT) 48

Benzyl penicillin 193

cough

Brucella (brucellosis) 28,

Betalactam antibiotics 187,

Bornholm disease 653

225, 313–314

189 –193

Borrelia 324–328

abortus 225, 313, 648

chemical structures 195

afzelii 226

canis 225

mechanisms of action

burgdorferi 28, 226, 324,

classification 313

198, 199

326 –328

clinical picture 314

668 B Brucella (brucellosis)

culture 313

diagnosis 314, 645, 648 epidemiology 314

transmission 28 melitensis 225, 313, 648 morphology 313 occurrence 313 pathogenesis 314 prevention 314

suis 225, 313, 648 therapy 314

Brucellosis see Brucella (brucellosis)

Brugia 588 –593 clinical manifestations 588 –590

acute symptomatic infection 588 asymptomatic infection 588

chronic symptomatic infection 590 tropical, pulmonary eosinophilia 590

control 590 –593 diagnosis 590, 649 epidemiology 588 life cycle 588

malayi 588, 589, 592, 649

occurrence 588 pathogenesis 588 therapy 590 timori 589

Bubonic plague 290 see also Plague

Bugs 606, 616 bedbug 616 swallow bug 616

Bullous impetigo 233 Bunyaviruses 383, 460 –462

clinical picture 461 diagnosis 462, 644, 645, 650

epidemiology 462 pathogenesis 461 pathogens 461 prevention 462

Burkholderia cepacia 224, 310

mallei 224, 310 –311 diagnosis 648 pseudomallei 224, 311

diagnosis 648 Burkitt lymphoma 424 Bursa fabricii 139

&C

C3b inactivator 139 C domain 139 Cachexin 82

Caliciviruses 383, 438, 439 –440

clinical picture 439 diagnosis 440, 638 epidemiology 440

California encephalitis 461

Calymmatobacterium granulomatis 223, 305

diagnosis 637

Campylobacter 306–307 classification 306 clinical pictures 306 culture 306, 307

fetus 226

jejuni 226, 306–307 diagnosis 307, 638 epidemiology 307 pathogenesis 306

morphology 306 therapy 307

Canaliculitis 259

Candida (candidiasis) 354, 362 –364

albicans 354, 362–364 culture 363 morphology 363 pathogenesis

363 –364 clinical pictures 363 –364 diagnosis 364

cardiovascular system 647

cutaneous infection 652

ear infection 658 eye infections 655, 656, 657

nervous system 644, 646

respiratory tract 633, 634

urogenital tract 636 therapy 364

Candidiasis see Candida (candidiasis)

Capnocytophaga spp. 305 Capping 139

Capsid 377, 378, 380 Capsule 13, 157 Capture test 411 Carbacephems 189

Carbenicillin 193 Carboxyl penicillins 193 Carbuncles 651 Carcinogenic retroviruses see Retroviruses Carcinomas 107, 414

hepatocellular (HCC) 431, 445 nasopharyngeal 424

Card agglutination trypanosomosis test (CATT) 490

Cardiobacterium hominis

224, 304 Cardiolipin 321

Cardiovascular system infections 647

endocarditis 159, 242, 647

myocarditis 647 pericarditis 647

see also specific infections

Carfecillin 193

Caries see Dental caries Carrier 139

Carrion’s disease 334 epidemiology 335

Carumonam 192

Caspofungin 357 Cassette 180

Castor bean tick 607–610 Cat liver fluke 557–558 Cat scratch disease 334, 335

diagnosis 649 epidemiology 335

Catabolic reactions 161–163

CCR (chemokine receptor) 139

CD (cluster of differentiation) antigens 58,

135–138, 139 CD3 complex 58

CD4 cells 58, 64, 72–75 HIV infection and 451–453 subpopulations 75, 78 see also T cells

CD8 cells 58, 64–66, 75 –76

see also T cells CD36 529 CD59 89

CDR (complementarity determining regions) 139 Cell adhesion molecules 84

Cell cultures 407

 

 

 

Clostridium C 669

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cell division 150

Chemoprophylaxis

therapy 299

Cell membrane see Cyto-

206–207, 402

transmission 299

plasmic membrane

see also specific infections

see also Vibrio cholerae

Cell wall 18, 152 –157

Chickenpox 422

Cholera toxin 16, 297–298

gram-negative bacteria

diagnosis 650

mechanism of action

154 –157

see also Varicella-zoster

298

gram-positive bacteria

virus (VZV)

Chromium release assay

152 –154

Chikungunya virus 441

134

tuberculosis bacteria

Chimeras 140

Chromoblastomycosis 355,

264

Chinese liver fluke

372

Cellulitis see Anaerobic

557–558

Chromomycosis 372

cellulitis

Chlamydia

diagnosis 652

Cephalosporins 189–190,

pneumoniae 227, 335,

Chromosomes 167, 179

195

339–340

Chronic obstructive pul-

group 1 189

diagnosis 632, 633

monary disease (COPD)

group 2 190

psittaci 227, 335,

632

group 3a 190

337–338

Ciliophora 477

group 3b 190

diagnosis 337–338,

Cimex lectularius 616

oral 190

633

Ciprofloxacin 189, 195

Cephalothin 189

epidemiology 338

Cistron 179

Ceratophyllidae 618–619

pathogenesis 337

Citrobacter 223, 280

clinical manifestations

therapy 338

amalonaticus 295

619

trachomatis 227,

freundii 295

control 619

335– 336

Cladosporium carrionii 355

diagnosis 619

clinical pictures

Clarithromycin 191

epidemiology 619

338–339

Clavulanic acid 192, 195

life cycle 618–619

diagnosis

Clindamycin 191, 195

morphology 618

cardiovascular sys-

CLIP (class II-inhibiting

Ceratophyllus gallinae 618

tem 647

protein) 140

Cercarial dermatitis 553

eye infections 655,

Clonal selection theory 67

Cerebral abscess 646

656, 657

Clone 180

Cerebral schistosomosis

urogenital tract 635,

Cloning 178 –179

553

636, 637

Clonorchis (clonorchiosis)

Cerebrospinal fluid sam-

Chlamydiae 5, 227–228,

544, 557–558

ples 210, 623

335– 337

clinical manifestations

Cervicitis 338, 636

classification 336

558

Cestoda 545, 560, 561

culture 337

diagnosis 558, 641, 643

diagnosis 640, 643

definition 336

epidemiology 558

see also specific parasites

morphology 148, 336

life cycle 558

Chagas disease 483,

elementary bodies

occurrence 557

491– 492, 616

336

prevention 558

clinical manifestations

initial bodies 336

sinensis 557

492

reproductive cycle 337

therapy 558

diagnosis 492, 625

see also Chlamydia

Clostridial myonecrosis see

epidemiology 491–492

Chloramphenicol 190

Gas gangrene

occurrence 491

mechanism of action 198

Clostridium 220 –221,

prevention 492

resistance mechanism

246–248, 651, 653, 654

therapy 492

202

botulinum 221, 250 –251

see also Trypanosoma

Chlorine 39 –40

 

diagnosis 250, 646

cruzi

Chloroquine 533, 534, 535

 

pathogenesis and 250

Chagoma 492

Cholangitis 641

 

toxin 250

Chancre

Cholecystitis 641

 

see also Botulism

hard 321

Cholera 296, 297–300

culture 246

trypanosome 489

clinical picture 299

difficile 221, 251

Chemokines 82 –83,

diagnosis 299, 639

 

diagnosis 251, 638

84–85, 139

epidemiology 299

morphology 246

constitutive 83, 84

prevention 299 –300

occurrence 246

inflammatory 84

source of infection 299

pathogens 246

670 C Clostridium

perfringens 221

alternative activation 87,

ulcerans 261

diagnosis 638, 653

88 –89, 139

xerosis 261

toxin 16

classic activation 86,

Cotrimoxazole 194

tetani 220, 248–250

87,88

Cowpox 428

diagnosis 248, 646

control proteins 89

Coxiella burnetii 28, 227,

epidemiology 249

resistance to 13

330, 332

pathogenesis 248

Complementation 391

diagnosis 633

prophylaxis 249–250

Concanavalin A 140

transmission 28, 331

therapy 248

Condylomata acuminata

see also Q fever

toxin 16, 248

414

Coxsackievirus

see also Tetanus

Conidia 351

clinical syndromes 436

Cloxacillin 193

Conjugation 171, 175 –177,

diagnosis 630, 653

Clumping factor test 233

180

group A 435, 436

Cobra venom factor 140

Conjugation pili 158, 181

group B 436

Cocci 149

Conjunctivitis 303

Creeping eruption 617

Coccidea 477

diagnosis 655

diagnosis 652

Coccidioides immitis (coc-

inclusion 336, 339

see also Cutaneous larva

cidioidomycosis) 354, 360

swimming-pool 336,

migrans (CLM)

clinical picture 360

339

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

culture 360

viral 416

(CJD) 342, 473–474

diagnosis 360, 633,

Connatal listeriosis 253

epidemiology 474

644

Connective tissue infec-

new variant (nvCJD) 473,

epidemiology 360

tions 650 –653

474

morphology 360

see also specific infections

Croup 631

pathogenesis 360

Contamination 10

Cryoglobulin 140

therapy 360

Contracecum 604

Cryptococcus neoformans

Code 179

Coombs test 124–125

(cryptococcosis) 354,

Codon 179

Coproantigen detection

366–367

Colistin 194

506, 622

clinical picture 366–367

Colitis

Coproscopic diagnosis 503

culture 366

antibiotic-associated

Corepressor 179

diagnosis 366

251

Coronaviruses 383,

cardiovascular system

chronic 503

446 –448

647

hemorrhagic 294

clinical picture 447

nervous system 644,

pseudomembranous

diagnosis 446, 447

645

246, 251

gastrointestinal tract

respiratory tract 633

clinical course 251

638

epidemiology 367

diagnosis 251, 638

respiratory tract 630,

morphology 366

Colonization 10

634

pathogenesis 366–367

resistance 24–25

epidemiology 447–448

pulmonary cryptococ-

Colonizing factors (CFA)

pathogenesis 447

cosis 367

293

pathogens 446

therapy 367

Colorado tick fever 456

replication 447

Cryptosporidium (cryptos-

Coltiviruses 456

Corynebacterium

poridiosis) 517–520

Combination therapy

diphtheriae 221,

baileyi 517

205 –206

255 –258

canis 517

Combining site 140

culture 255 –256

clinical manifestations

Commensals 9, 24–25

diagnosis 256–257,

518–519

Common cold (rhinitis)

631

immunocompetent

438, 447, 630

epidemiology

persons 518

Common sheep tick

257–258

immunodeficient per-

607– 610

morphology 255

sons 518–519

Community-acquired

pathogenesis 256

diagnosis 504–505, 519,

pneumonia 633

toxin 16, 256

625, 639

Complement fixation test

see also Diphtheria

stool specimen hand-

(CFT) 125

jeikeium 261

ling 621

Complement system

pseudodiphtheriticum

epidemiology 518

86 –90, 140

261

transmission 29, 518

felis 517

hominis 29, 517–518 life cycle 518, 519 meleagridis 517 morphology 518 occurrence 517

parvum 29, 516, 517–518 pathogens 517 prevention 520

therapy 519

Ctenocephalides canis 608, 618 felis felis 618

CTX element 297 Culture methods see Bacterial culture; Fungal culture; Viral culture

Cuninghamella spp. 354, 367

see also Mucormycoses Curvularia spp. 354, 369 Cutaneous infections 650 –653

bacteria 651– 652 dermatitis 553, 612, 614, 652

exfoliativa 233 dermatomycoses 355, 372–374

fungi 652 mucormycosis 368 parasites 652–653 viruses 650

see also specific infections

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) 584, 602

clinical manifestations 602

diagnosis 602, 652 therapy 602

Cutaneous leishmaniosis see Leishmania (leishmanioses)

Cutaneous test 356 CXCR (chemokine receptor) 140 Cyclophosphamide 140 Cyclophyllida 545

Cyclospora cayetanensis

(cyclosporosis) 515–516 clinical manifestation 515

diagnosis 504–505, 516, 639

stool specimen handling 621

life cycle 515 morphology 515

occurrence 515 therapy 516

Cyclosporine 140 Cyclosporosis see Cyclospora cayetanensis (cyclosporosis)

Cymevene 404 Cysticercosis 560, 564–565

clinical manifestations 564–565

diagnosis 565, 625, 653 muscle infection 654

epidemiology 564 neurocysticercosis 564–565

ocular 564, 657 therapy 565

Cystitis 292 Cystopyelitis 292 Cytoadherence 529 Cytocidal infection 392 –393

Cytokines 77–83, 207 assay 134

in malaria 528–529 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 418, 423 –424

clinical picture 423 diagnosis 423–424

hematopoietic system 648

liver 641

nervous system 645 respiratory tract 631, 632

epidemiology 424 pathogenesis 423 prevention 424 treatment 424

Cytopathic effect (CPE) 15, 392, 407

Cytophilic 140

Cytoplasm 151 Cytoplasmic membrane 151–152

membrane proteins 151–152

outer membrane proteins 155

Cytostatic 140

Cytotoxic 140

Cytotoxic T cells see T cells Cytotoxins 15, 282

Dermatophytes E 671

&D

Dalfopristin 194 Dane particle 430 Dapsone 194, 533

Decay accelerating factor (DAF) 89 Decontamination 35 Defense mechanisms 8, 21, 22, 99 –103

antibodies 100 avoidance strategies 12–15, 102–103 defects in immune defenses 24 IgE-mediated defense 101

nonlytic T-cell responses 100

nonspecific 21–23, 100, 400–401 perforin-dependent cytotoxicity in CD8+ T cells 100

specific 23, 401–402 see also Immunity

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) 98–99,

114– 115, 140 Deletion 179 Dendritic cells 140 Dengue 443–445

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) 444

Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) 444

Dental caries 159, 243, 259 Dental plaque 159, 243

Dermacentor 607 Dermatitis 612, 614

cercarial 553 diagnosis 652 exfoliativa 233 scalp 614

Dermatomycoses 355, 372–374

clinical pictures 373–374 diagnosis 374, 652 epidemiology 374 prevention 374 therapy 374

see also Dermatophytes

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 612 Dermatophytes 372–374

classification 373

672 D Dermatophytes

culture 373

immitis 605

Duffy antigen receptor for

diagnosis 652

repens 605

chemokines (DARC) 85,

morphology 373

Disinfection 34, 35

140

pathogenesis 373

chemical methods

Duodenal ulcer 307, 638

see also Dermatomy-

39 –40

Dysentery 280, 287–289

coses

kinetics of pathogen

clinical picture 288

Desensitization 140

killing 35–36

diagnosis 288, 638

Deuteromycetes 348, 352

mechanisms of action

epidemiology 288 –289

Diagnosis see Laboratory

36 –37

prevention 289

diagnosis; specific infec-

physical methods of

therapy 288

tions

37–38

see also Shigella

Diaminobenzyl pyrimidine

heat 37–38

 

190

radiation 38

&E

Diaminopyrimidines 533

practical disinfection

Dicrocoelium

40 –41

 

dendriticum 543, 556,

Disposition 8, 11

E-selectin (ELAM) 529

557

DNA

Ear infections 658

diagnosis 641, 643

amplification techniques

Early antigen (EA) 424

Dientamoeba fragilis

216–217

Early summer menin-

504–505

bacterial DNA structure

goencephalitis (ESME) 607

Differential staining 148,

167–168

Ebola virus 471

211–212

cloning 178 –179

clinical picture 471

DiGeorge syndrome 140

modification 177–178

diagnosis 471, 650

Digestion 161

replication 168, 181

epidemiology 471

Digestive gland infections

topology 150

pathogenesis 471

641–643

transcription 168–169,

prevention 471

see also specific infections

181

Echinocandins 357

Dihydropropoxymethyl-

translation 169, 181

Echinococcus (echinococ-

guanosine (DHPG) 404

transposable elements

cosis) 565 –575, 634

Dilution coefficient 36

173

granulosus 565,

Dilution series tests 204

virulence regulation

566–571

Dinitrophenol (DNP) 140

mechanisms 18–19

clinical manifestations

Diphtheria 254, 257

DNA probes 216

568–571

clinical picture 256, 257

DNA tumor viruses 396

control 571

diagnosis 256–257, 631

DNA viruses 377–378,

diagnosis 571, 625,

epidemiology 257–258

412–434

643, 646

nasopharyngeal 257

double-stranded

epidemiology 568

prevention 258

413–434

hosts 566

therapy 257

replication 384–385,

life cycle 566–568

see also Corynebacterium

387

morphology 566, 569

diphtheriae

single-stranded

occurrence 566

Diphtheria toxin 16, 254,

412–413

prevention 571

256

see also specific viruses

therapy 571

detection 257

DNases 238

transmission 29

regulation 18–19

Domain 140

multilocularis 565,

Diphyllobothrium (diphyl-

Double diffusion techni-

571–574

lobothriosis) 561, 575–576

que 121–122

clinical manifestations

clinical manifestations

Doxycycline 194, 533

570, 574

576

Dracunculoidea 545

control 574

diagnosis 576, 640

Dracunculus medinensis

diagnosis 574, 625,

life cycle 576

(dracunculosis) 596

643, 646

occurrence 575 –576

diagnosis 653

distribution 572

prevention 576

Drug resistance

epidemiology

therapy 576

antimalarial drugs 532

573–574

Diplomonadea 477

resistance plasmids 167,

hosts 573

Diptera 606

168, 176, 177

life cycle 567, 573

Dirofilaria (dirofilariosis)

see also Antibiotic resis-

morphology 569, 572

605

tance

prevention 574

 

 

 

Enterococci E 673

 

 

 

 

 

 

therapy 574

localization 541

nosocomial infection

transmission 29

occurrence 541

343

oligarthrus 565, 575

symptoms 541

sakazakii 295

voegeli 565, 575

see also Microsporidia

Enterobacteriaceae 223,

Echinostomida 545

(microsporidiosis)

278 –282

Echovirus 436

Encephalomyelitis

antibiotic resistance 296

clinical syndromes 436

645 –646

antigen structure 281

diagnosis 653

Endemic occurrence 27

culture 279

Ecserohilum 369

Endocarditis 159, 242

definition 279

Effector molecules 170,

diagnosis 647

diagnosis

179

Endolimax nana 504–505

 

cardiovascular system

Ehrlichia (ehrlichiosis) 227,

Endometritis 636

647

330, 333

Endophthalmitis 365,

 

cutaneous infection

chaffeensis 227, 333

656 –657

651

diagnosis 649

Endospores 159–160

 

digestive glands 641,

epidemiology 333

Endotoxins 140, 156

642

ewingii 227, 333

Bordetella pertussis 315

 

eye infections 655,

human granulocytic

Enterobacteriaceae 282

656, 657

ehrlichiosis (HGE) 333

see also Lipopolysac-

 

muscle/joint infection

human monocytic ehrli-

charide

654

chiosis (HME) 333

Enoplida 545

 

nervous system 644,

sennetsu 333

Enoxacin 189

646

Ehrlichiosis see Ehrlichia

Entamebiosis see Amebo-

 

peritonitis 642, 643

(ehrlichiosis)

sis

 

respiratory tract 633

Eikenella corrodens 222,

Entamoeba

 

urogenital tract 635,

304

coli 505

636

Electron microscopy (EM)

diagnosis 503 –506, 625,

identification of 214

409

639

morphology 279

Electrophoresis

antibody assay 506

normal microbial flora

immunoelectrophoresis

coproantigen detec-

25

technique 122–123, 124

tion 506, 622

nosocomial infection

Western blotting 123,

coproscopic diagnosis

343

125

503

opportunistic 295 –296

Elephantiasis 590 –591

differential diagnosis

pathogenicity determi-

ELISA (enzyme-linked im-

504–506

nants 282

munosorbent assay)

stool specimen hand-

significance 279

128–129, 132, 140

ling 621

taxonomy 279

ELISPOT assay 131, 132, 140

dispar 499 –506

see also Enterobacter

Emmonsiella capsulata 358

hartmanni 504–505

Enterobius vermicularis

Empyema 634

histolytica 499–506

(enterobiosis) 544,

subdural 646

cysts 500

585 –586

Encephalitis 421, 428, 443,

diagnosis 503–506,

clinical manifestations

466

639, 642

586

California 461

epidemiology 502

diagnosis 586, 640

granulomatous amebic

life cycle 501

 

specimen handling

(GAE) 507

pathogenesis

622

Japanese B 443

500–502

epidemiology 585 –586

St. Louis 443

trophozoites 500

life cycle 585 –586

tickborne (TBE) 28, 443,

occurrence 499

morphology 585

607

see also Amebosis

occurrence 585

diagnosis 644, 645

Enteritis 289, 290, 291

pathogenesis 586

see also Ixodes

viral 439

prevention 586

Encephalitozoon 540

see also Yersinia entero-

therapy 586

cuniculi 541

colitica

Enterococci 220, 235, 236,

diagnosis 635

Enterobacter 223, 280

243–244

hellem 541

aerogenes 295

antibiotic resistance

intestinalis 538,

agglomerans 295

243–244

540 –541

cloace 295

diagnosis 635

674 E Enterococci

Lancefield groups 235

Epidural abscess 646

enterotoxic (ETEC) 280,

normal microbial flora

Epiglottitis 631

293

25

Episome 179

extraintestinal infec-

nosocomial infection

Epitopes 44–45, 140

tions 292 –293

343

conformational (struc-

sepsis 293

Enterococcus

tural) 68

urinary tract infection

faecalis 220, 236, 243

sequential (linear) 68

292 –293

faecium 220, 236, 243

Epstein-Barr nuclear anti-

F-factor 176–177

Enterocolitis 638

gen (EBNA) 425

intestinal infections 292,

Enterocytozoon 539

Epstein-Barr virus 140,

638

bieneusi 538, 540

418, 424–425

morphology 292

diagnosis 540, 639

clinical picture 424

nosocomial infection

localization 540

diagnosis 424–425

343

occurrence 540

hematopoietic system

pathogenesis 292 –294

see also Microsporidia

648

prevention 294

(microsporidiosis)

nervous system 645

therapy 294

Enterotoxins 15, 232, 282,

respiratory tract 631,

uropathogenic (UPEC)

293

632

293

cholera toxin 16,

epidemiology 425

verotoxin-producing

297– 298

pathogenesis 424

(VTEC) 294

mechanism of action

therapy 425

Ethambutol 191

298

Erypselas 651

Ethanol 39

Enterovirus 435–436

Erysipeloid 252, 253

Ethylene oxide 39

Enteroviruses 434,

diagnosis 651

Eubacterium sp. 261

435–437

Erysipelothrix rhusio-

Euglenozoa 477

clinical pictures 436

pathiae 221, 252, 253

Eukaryotes 4–5, 6

diagnosis 436

diagnosis 651

characteristics of 6

cardiovascular system

Erythema infectiousum

Exanthema

647

412–413

measles 466

eye infections 655

diagnosis 650

scabies 611

gastrointestinal tract

Erythema migrans 326,

subitum 425

638

327

diagnosis 650

nervous system 644,

diagnosis 651

vesicular 420

645

Erythroblastosis fetalis 112

Exfoliatins 232

respiratory tract 631,

Erythromycin 191

Exoenzyme S 309

633

Erythrovirus 382

Exon 140

epidemiology 436 –437

Escape mutants 430

Exophiala werneckii 374

pathogenesis 436

Escherichia coli 223,

Exotoxins 15

pathogens 435–436

280 –281, 292 – 294

Bordetella pertussis 315

prevention 437

antigen structure 292

Enterobacteriaceae 282

env gene 449, 450

characteristics 292

exotoxin A 309

Envelope, viral 377, 378

clinical pictures

pyrogenic streptococcal

Enzyme immunoassay

292 –294

exotoxins (PSE) 238

(EIA) 128 –129, 409

diagnosis 294

Exposure prophylaxis 31,

Eotaxin 83, 140

digestive glands 641,

402

Epicillin 193

642

Eye infections 416,

Epidemic 27

gastrointestinal tract

655 –657

Epidemic myalgia 653

638

conjunctivitis 303, 416,

Epidemiology 25 –34

nervous system 644

655

sources of infection 30

urogenital tract 635

inclusion 336, 339

terminology 26, 27

enteroaggregative (EAg-

swimming-pool 336,

transmission 26 –30

gEC) 280, 294

339

see also Infectious dis-

enterohemorrhagic

cysticercosis 564, 657

eases

(EHEC) 280, 294

endophthalmitis 365,

Epidermophyton spp. 355,

enteroinvasive (EIEC)

656 –657

373

280, 293

keratitis 428, 656

floccosum 374

enteropathogenic

scleritis 655

see also Dermatophytes

(EPEC) 280, 293

toxoplasmosis 513