Історія України - методичка

car bridges, German commandant's headquarters were set on fire, killed separate officers, heads, were engaged in agitation.

A communist and komsomol underground operated in town of Ukraine. The representatives of nationalistic underground aimed to pick up thread independence of Ukraine. They militated against fascists and against soviet troops. Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists was the political center of nationalistic underground (OUN). At first the leaders OUN aimed to be striven against soviet troops by nazis. But those contested against OUN from its national ideas and aspiration to create the independent Ukrainian state. In these terms of ounovtsi passed to sabotage of policy of invaders preparation of forces for the mass revolt. It was planned to begin him since forces of nazism and communism will become weak in the mutual fight. The network of nationalistic underground overcame not only western but also central, east and south districts of Ukraine. A large role in organization

of underground was played by the so-called «marching groups OUN», which with beginning of offensive of the German troops got an order to move east, to organize an underground, to unite antinazi forces under the guidance.

Of occupation authorities were brought down on the OUN squall of repressions. In reply OUN began to create guerrillas, which in October, 1942 united in military organization – Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). In a difference from soviet partisan forces which leaned against support from the line of contact, OUN-UPA operated exceptionally calculating on the forces and support of local population.

The dissidence afoot of Resistance hindered to the rapid release of Ukraine from nemetsko-fashistskih invaders. At the same time it became the real second front of Great Patriotic war.

Questions for the control of knowledges:

1.What value had tacking of zapadnoukrainskih earths to USSR?

2.What reasons of II world war?

3.What is the danger of plan of "Ost" and "new order" in for Ukraine?

4.Are the basic stages of Great Patriotic war which?

5.Are the consequences of occupation of Ukraine which by fascist troops and in what history value of Victory in VOV?

Literature:

1. History of Ukrainian SSR in 10 – ti volumes. – TO., 1985.

2.History of Ukrainian SSR in 2 – h volumes. Short essay. – TO., 1982.

3.Soviet Ukraine in the years of Great Patriotic war "1941 – 45 g.g.". Documents and materials in 3th volumes. – TO.,1980.

4.Orest subtelniy. Ukraine. History. – TO., 1993

5.N. Stavitskaya p.. History Of Ukraine. – the Methodical manual for the students of foreigners., Poltava, 1999.

Theme 9

Ukraine in the years of post-war renewal and further development of national economy (1950 – 80th g.g.).

"4 hours"

Plan.

1.Successes and difficulties of period of rehabilitation.

2.Destalinizatsiya. Democratic processes in Ukraine: their inconsistent and contradictory character.

3.Thaw. Origin of dissident and pravozashitnogo motion.

4.The objective conditionality of alteration in 80 is years.

1. Destalinizatsiya. Democratic processes in Ukraine: their inconsistent and contradictory character.

Post mortem by the I.Stalina First secretary of TSK of KPSS N.Hrushov was select. He became the initiator of pursuing a policy which was adopted by a «hrushovskoy thaw». N.Hrushov considered that the system created in USSR is just and history justified. But underlined here, that it is necessary to get rid of from the repressions, Stalin methods of guidance, I.e. to conduct destalinizatsiyu.

By the first steps of destalinizatsii steel:

·Expansion of rights for the allied republics in an economy and culture.

·Beginning of rehabilitation (complete acquittal of the people condemned without guilt) of subjected to repression in 30 of the known soviet, party, soldiery figures scientific.

·Returning from the GULAGa camps of those, who was subjected to repression for shallow «provini» – anecdotes about soviet power and Stalin.

·Stopping of mass repressions.

·Fadeaway from the pages of newspapers of the name of Stalin,

appearance of materials censorious the Stalin mode.

But the destalinizatsiya first half of 50th was contradictory. She touched some problems of the pas only. Criticism of stalinizma was careful. 20th convention of KPSS became a prominent event in the process of destalinizatsii country (February, 1956). On the closed meeting of the N.Hrushov convention came forward with a lecture «About kulte of

personality of Stalin and his consequences». Criticism of the Stalin methods of guidance was outspoken in him, the facts of misfeasance from the side of Stalin and his surroundings are resulted, the repressions are condemned.

The delegates of convention were stunned by a lecture, but decided not to publish him. On on a lecture was not such sharp, facts, names, examples, were not mentioned in him.

Continuing destaliniztsiyu at the end of 50th –nachale 60th gg.:

·The names of cities, streets and etc, carrying the name of Stalin, changed.

·Monuments and portraits of Stalin were taken off in state establishments.

·The mass rehabilitation began.

·demokratizirovalas works of party organizations (the regular update of composition of TSK and his Presidium was foreseen).

·The control of central organs above an economy diminished.

·Rights for republics in forming of budget broadened, in the field of logistical support.

But at all it the process of destalinizatsii did not touch essence of the totalitarian mode.

The problems of society, related to the consequences of stalinizma, were not decided:

·Were not condemned deportation of peasants in the years of collectivization and mass evictions of habitants of Western Ukraine.

·Permission to get back in native places deported from the south of Ukraine of tatari was not got, Germans, other people, although eviction was acknowledged illegal.

·The matters of victims of political processes of 20-30th are not revised

·Terms for realization of human rights are not created (freedom of speech, collections, religion).

· N.Hrushov, other leaders of country, on words reprobating stalinizm, in practical activity often used the same methods.

The such inconsistent in pursuing a policy of destalinizatsii was explained in a number of circumstances:

·Most leaders of country, including Hrushov, were participating to the repressions and divided responsibility for tragic events 1925-1950

·The socialistic state with the single-party system and planned economy could not operate on democratic principles.

·In guidance by a country there were opponents the politicians Hrushova.

·In the conditions of «cold war» of USSR anchorwomens did not support capitalist countries.

·N.Hrushov – initiator of destalinizatsii – was a man contradictory and inconsistent.

2. Thaw. Origin of dissident and pravozashitnogo motion.

Politician N.Hrushova a «thaw» went down in history under the name. Conducting of destalinizatsii was its component part. But the inconsistent in realization of such policy caused displeasure of those forces which aspired to its deepening.

At the end of 50th – beginning of 60th there was motion of dissident – dissidents.

Dissidents openly expressed the looks, the policy of KPSS and soviet government was criticized. In Ukraine the dissidents spoke out for the independent Ukrainian state, against the colonial policy of center.

Dissident motion was the peaceful fight purpose of which - to over-persuade society in the necessity of democratic changes.

Dissident motion was the obsheukrainskim phenomenon. It overcame all regions of Ukraine. The representatives of different social layers of population participated in him.

Beginning to dissident motion was laid down by activity of «shestidesyatnikov» – generations of writers of 60th gg.: L.Kostenko, V.Simonenko, I.Drach, V.Stus, I.Dzyuba and dr. Then the amount of dissidents grew. Dissident organizations began to be created: Ukrainian working-peasant union, Ukrainian national committee, Ukrainian national front. There are these organizations in the activity:

·The ideas of independence of Ukraine were propagandized.

·The policy of rusifikatsii was criticized.

·The soviet system, methods of guidance by a country, was criticized.

·Organized conferences, mass meetings, edition of books, brochures. In particular, in 1963 dissidents came forward at conference on the

questions of culture of Ukrainian with the requirement to acknowledge him state in UKRAINE. In September, 1965 during viewing of film of «Shade of the forgotten ancestors» in the movie theater «Ukraine» manifestation of protest was organized against the arrests of Ukrainian intelligentsia. Annually on May, 22 near the T.Shevchenko monument the manifestations were conducted in Kiev.

Organizations of dissidents were pursued. In 1961-1965 about their members and leaders trials were strongly conducted. The repressions were directed against P.Grigorenko, L.Lukyanenko, I.Svitlichnogo, V.Moroza and dr.

Did the book of Ivan Dzyubi become an answer for the arrests of dissidents, literary critic from Kiev «Internationalism or rusifikatsiya?». An author condemned the policy of ignoring of civil laws of the Ukrainian people, criticized the national policy of KPSS.

3. The objective conditionality of alteration in 80 is years.

The policy of reforms, which was conducted by M.S.Gorbachev in USSR with 1985, got the name of «alteration». The necessity of this policy was caused by a system crisis which staggered a country in 1965-1985

The crisis of the soviet system overcame all spheres: economy, international relations, ideology, social relations, culture.

The increase of industrial and agricultural production went down in an economy, an unit cost grew and its quality became worse, a country fell behind in the technical relation from front-rank countries, sharp scarcity of high-quality goods was formed, food stuffs and services, a shadow economy appeared and overgrew. The attempts of soviet guidance to change position of businesses were indecisive and inconsistent, and that is why and ineffectual. Without carrying out cardinal reform the economy of country could not provide the vital necessities of population.

In a policy and ideology authority of KPSS fell swiftly, leaders of partapparata all levels. Disappointment by socialistic ideology grew in society, criticism of its positions from the side of dissidents, pravozashitnikov, cultural workers increased. Information about achievements of the developed capitalist countries spreads in spite of «ferrous curtain». Attempts of soviet guidance to overcome these displays through a thesis about construction of the developed socialism,

strengthening of fight against dissident, did not give the conduct of kontrpropagandi result.

In the social relations the brightly expressed inequality between a nomenclature and the other population showed up all anymore. The social tension caused by worsening of the material being of considerable part of population grew, by the origin of steady scarcity of goods, habitation, services. Periodic increases of pay-envelope, aspiration to adjust distributing of deficit through the special turns, the critic of the negative phenomena was touched by their external displays only. The deep analysis of reasons of crisis was blocked.

A crisis touched the sphere of culture also. Quality of education became worse, prestige of knowledges and education fell down. rusifikatsiya was accelerated. Principle of freedom of creation was violated in science and culture. Cultural workers were added to the repressions for the persuasions. The period of «cold war» proceeded in the international relations.

All these crisis phenomena necessitated carrying out reform. Without the decisive changes the existence of the soviet system became impossible, but more of reform were needed for overcoming of social explosion which came to a head.

Questions for the control of knowledges:

1.Is the process of destanilizatsii expressed in what? Why did he have a contradictory character?

2.How do you understand a term the "thaw"?

3.What diesidentstvo? In what it did show up?

4.Point the examples of pravozashitnogo and natsionalno-kulturnogo motions.

Literature:

1.Orest subtelniy. Ukraine Is History. – TO., Swan, 1989

2.About kulte of personality and his consequences. The Hrusheva N Lecture. With. To XX convention of KPSS. In News Of TSK Of KPSS –

1989 № 3

3.Orest subtelniy. Ukraine. History. – TO., 1993

4.N. Stavitskaya p.. History Of Ukraine. – the Methodical manual for the students of foreigners., Poltava, 1999.

Theme 10

Ukraine in the years of national revival and claim of independence (90th – 2000 g.g.).

"2 hours"

Plan.

1.Declaration about state "sovereignty". Revival of the Ukrainian state.

2.Problems of socio-economic development.

3.Ukraine on an international scene.

1. Declaration about state sovereignty. Revival of the Ukrainian state.

On July, 16, 1990 Supreme Soviet of UKRAINE adopted Declaration about state sovereignty of Ukraine. By this document were proclaimed supremacy, independence, plenitude and indivisibility of power within the limits of territory of Ukraine. Ukraine became the independent state in the international relations.

Declaration consists of 10 sections.

Declaration acknowledged the right of Ukrainian nation of selfdetermination, and the state must protect and guard the national state system of Ukrainians. People were acknowledged by the unique source of state authority, and Supreme Soviet could come forward from his name. In a document it was spoken about principle of section of power on 3 branches: legislative, executive, judicial.

First after the long-term suppressing Declaration acknowledged inviolability of rights and freedoms of man.

Territory of Ukraine became

Declaration must provide the natsionalno-kulturnoe revival of the Ukrainian people and satisfy the natsionalno-kulturnie, spiritual and linguistic necessities of Ukrainians resident outside Ukraine.

Beginning of creation of own military powers was foreseen, Ukraine was obligated not to diffuse, not make and not grow the nuclear armaments. A future foreign policy was foreseen as neutral, by its primary task, providing of national interests of Ukraine was determined.

Declaration about state sovereignty did not have status of constitutional act and remain plans on a future, wishes for realization in the future of domestic and external policy. She became the first document which opened up to Ukraine a way to independence in 90 a 20 age.

Acceptance on August, 24, 1991 became a next step on this way Act of independence of Ukraine on the extraordinary session of Supreme Soviet of Ukraine. The act of independence of Ukraine was confirmed on the Allukrainian referendum on December, 1, 1991 Then presidential elections were conducted. Leonid Kravchuk became the first president of independent Ukraine.

The revival of the state system of Ukraine began in difficult terms: it was necessary to accomplish transition from status of the allied republic with the very limited sovereignty to status of the independent state. Ukraine chose the peaceful, evolutional way of claim of the state system. He foresaw reformation of existent organs of power and creation of new, answering the necessities of the independent state.

For short period important legislative acts were accepted: Declaration of rights for nationalities of Ukraine, Law «About citizenship of Ukraine», Law «About the right of conscience and religious organizations», Law «About elections of folk deputies of Ukraine» and dr.

Acceptance on June, 28, 1996 became completion of process of revival of the Ukrainian state system Constitutions Of Ukraine.

2. Ukraine on an international scene.

With proclamation of independence Ukraine participates actively in the international life. Its foreign policy is built on principles certain in Declaration about state sovereignty of Ukraine (1990), «Basic directions of foreign policy of Ukraine» (1993), Constitution of Ukraine:

·Non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, mutually beneficial, equal in rights collaboration.

·Waiver of participation in soldiery blocks.

·Participation in the process of nuclear disarmament (with 1996 Ukraine

– the nuclear-free state).

·Confession of priority of international law.

·Confession of scopes existing in world.

In the international policy of Ukraine it is possible to select a few directions: · Western: integration with the European countries, waiver of appeals

to revise existent scopes.

In 1995 Ukraine became the councillor of Europe. It provided by her the help in carrying out reform. Becoming in 1992 the member of international monetary fund, Ukraine gets foreign investments for development of industry. Ukraine strives to active collaborate with NATO, joining in 1994