Історія України - методичка

·Ukrainian high schools were created.

·The first state Ukrainian university in Kiev, Ukrainian university, in Kamentse-podolskom was opened .

·Are created Ukrainian Academy of sciences, National archive, National

library, National gallery of arts, Ukrainian history museum.

The such domestic policy of getmanata caused displeasure of population. Leaning against squires, well-to-do peasants, bourgeoisie, P.Skoropadskiy dissatisfied the requirements of wide layers of population.

The foreign policy of getmanata was more successful.

·The Ukrainian State exchanged by embassies with 12 countries.

·The diplomatic relationships with Germany, Австро-Hungary, Switzerland, Turkey, Poland, Scandinavian countries, Crimea, France, England, Romania and dr. were worked out

·The diplomatic relationships with Russia were set, the peaceful agreement is signed (On June, 12, 1918).

·Negotiations with Авсро-Hungary in relation to Western Galichini and Holmshini are conducted.

In spite of achievements in the field of culture and international relations, P.Skoropadskiy was able to remain at power only to December, 1918

3. Directory. Reasons of defeat.

A directory arose up as a result of fight against the hetman mode P.Skoropadskogo for renewal of Ukrainian Folk Republic. She was created on the underground meeting on November, 14, 1918 in Kiev as a megpartiyniy organ of revolt against the hetman mode. A directory consisted of 5 persons (V.Vinnichenko, S.Petlyura, A.Andrievskiy, A.Makarenko, F.Shvets).

White Church became the center of preparation of revolt, where basic military powers of Directory were. A directory secured by support of Soviet Russia and promise of neutrality of of occupation troops.

After ending of First world war in November, 1918 the German troops which were the Skoropadskogo support hatched from Ukraine. Part of hetman troops was passed to the side of Directory. In December, 1918 a hetman renounced from power. A directory grew into the higher state organ of Ukraine. Power of Directory existed actually to April, 1919, is official – to November, 1920

The policy of Directory was directed on:

·Establishment in Ukraine of national variant of soviet power.

·Transmission of power on places to labour advices of workings, peasants, intelligentsia.

·Transmission of legislature in UNR to Labour congress delegates into which will be voted by labour people without squires and capitalists

(doctors, teachers, advocates, professors, got in their number).

The political course of Directory changed in future. She became loyalney to behave to bourgeoisie and well-to-do peasantry.

In the domestic policy of Directory did not manage to conduct the promised reforms. So, she proclaimed about alienation of earths at squires, but did not define lines and order of section of earth, did not plan to divide earths of foreigners (mainly Poland), to the squires promised indemnification for earth. Such conducting of agrarian reform did not arrange most peasants. In the socio-economic sphere of Directory proclaimed also:

·Conducting of measures on renewal of industry.

·Introduction of working control on production.

·Helping of unemployed and needing.

But in the conditions of civil war these reforms were postponed. Gave above all mind of Directory on achievement of victory. At the same time to decide problems in the international relations she was not able. In a foreign policy the Directory was oriented on the countries of the Entente. But the Entente renounced to acknowledge Directory and began military intervention on the south of Ukraine. The representatives of the Entente required to reorganize Directory, to show out of its composition Petlyuru, instead of promising to give help in the fight against bolshevists.

In 1919-1920 UNR turned out in the «triangle of death»:

·in the north – troops of bolshevists;

·on a south – troops of the Entente and general Denikina;

·westering – army of Poland.

A directory was not able to protect UNR, because did not have an efficient army. Soldiers which were exits from peasants after the overthrow of hetman Skoropadskogo divided on houses or agitations of bolshevists were easily added and passed to their side.

In guidance of Directory there was no unity in looks on the prospects of national-state building. One aimed to set the soviet system of power without dictatorial methods, other – parliamentary system. The search of compromises conduced to the endless finding out of relations between parties and separate political figures.

Carrying out reform delayed. The leaders of Directory were not able to realize them and offer measures which would satisfy basic part of population.

4. Lessons and consequences of national revolution.

The fight of the Ukrainian people for independence in 1917-1920 took place in 2 stages:

1)proclamation of independence during natsionalno-demokraticheskoy revolution;

2)fight for saving of state independence in the war-time 1918-1920 not looking on a considerable scope, national revolution ended by the

defeat. As a result yet on 70 years a question about independence of Ukraine was postponed.

But fight was not senseless. From her it is possible to draw the separate morals:

·Association of all natsionalno-patrioticheskih forces is needed.

Ukrainian society cracked in questions about the political device of Ukraine. Among the supporters of independence there were monarchists (getmantsi), republicans, supporters of soviet line-up. They defended different looks on a future socio-economic line-up. Achievement of unity of various political forces is possible only on condition of achievement the compromise, mutual concessions.

·Achievement of independence is impossible without deep socioeconomic reforms which substantially improve the terms of life of bulk of population. Not a single government was able effectively to govern the country, cities were not provided by products, carrying out agrarian reform in behalf of peasants delayed.

·Existence of independent Ukraine is possible only at wide international support. And it, in same queue, requires pursuing an independent external policy. Being at war with more mighty enemies, Ukrainians were not able to obtain confession and support of large powers. Guidance of countries of the Entente supported forces which denied the right of the Ukrainian people to independence.

Questions for the control of employments:

1.What political parties and blocks formed Ukrainian Central Soviet?

2.Give description of substantive provisions I and II Universalov.

3.How did the relations between Ukrainian Central Soviet and bolshevists develop?

4.What do you know about the revolt at the Kiev plant "Arsenal" and about a tragedy under Krutami?

5.Give description to basic directions of domestic policy of government of Skoropadskogo P.?

6.Why did the dissidence in Directory happen?

7.What value for history of Ukraine did have years of national revolution?

Literature:

1.History of Ukrainian SSR in 10 – ti volumes. – TO., 1985.

2.History of Ukrainian SSR in 2 - h volumes. Short essay. – TO., 1982.

3.Orest subtelniy. Ukraine. History. – TO., 1993

4.N. Stavitskaya p.. History Of Ukraine. – the Methodical manual for the students of foreigners., Poltava, 1999.

Theme 7

Ukraine in the conditions of the totalitarian mode. 20 – 30 g.g.

(4 hours)

Plan.

1.Policy of "military communism" and its consequence.

2.Introduction New Economic POLICY(а).

3.korenizatsiya: its essence and value.

4.Creation Of USSR.

5.Becoming of line-up of a collective farm.

6.Repressions in Ukraine and their consequences.

7.Strengthening of the Stalin totalitarian mode.

1. Creation Of USSR.

To beginning of 20th bolshevists set the power not only in Russia but also in Ukraine, Byelorussia, states of Zakavkazya. A question got up about association of soviet republics with the purpose of renewal of Russia within bounds of empire even without lost Poland, Finland, Pribaltiki. Association passed in a few stages:

·In autumn 1918 soldiery forces of republics under the direction of commander-in-chief were incorporated by military powers of Russian Federation.

·In 1919 supremacy of state organs of Russia above the state organs of soviet republics was proclaimed.

·V1920-1921 were signed dogovori about soldiery and economic unions between Russia and other soviet republics.

·In 1922 relation between soviet republics were finally designed by the

special agreement. A discussion between bolshevist leaders flamed up in relation to his bases.

I.Stalin developed the project of avtonomizatsii, which foresaw including of entire soviet countries in the complement of Russia on rights for an autonomy.

V.Lenin defended the project of federalizatsii, on which all soviet republics on equal rights create the federal state.

On December, 30, 1922 Declaration about creation of Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics was accepted. In the complement of USSR entered Byelorussia, Zakavkazskaya Federation, Russia and Ukraine.

It was foreseen, that an agreement about creation of USSR for every republic would go into effect after ratification by his republican convention of advices. But it was not so carried out actually.

In 1924 Constitution of USSR was accepted. Formal USSR was the federal state, and actually – unitary.

2. Repressions in Ukraine and their consequences.

In 30 the Stalin mode was set in USSR. For him conducting of political repressions was characteristic. The Stalin thesis that as far as approaching of socialism the class struggle will be intensifyed in USSR, served as a comfortable protection for pursuit of each, who the authorities considered «unreliable» or «enemy of people».

«Shahtinskoe business» became the first loud political process. To criminal responsibility 53 ingenerno-tehnicheskih workers of coal industry were attracted. They were blamed for creation of «counter-revolutionary organization» which wanted to prang coal industry of Donbassa. This

process was used for organization of campaign of pursuit of «bourgeois specialists»

In 1930 a process above 45 figures of Ukrainian science and culture, clergy, leaders of industry took place in Kharkov. The Ukrainian elite was blamed for creation of Union of liberation of Ukraine (SVU), which allegedly prepared the overthrow of soviet power.

By the victims of repressions of steel about 500 writers of Ukraine. In 2 to the half of 30th of repression of steel mass. Falling out with

nationally conscious intelligentsia, the Stalin mode opened out terror against those, who was striven for soviet power in Ukraine. Stalin needed not old party shots, and the figures betrayed to him. Prisoners and are shot up Yu.Kotsyubinskiy, E.Kviring, H.Rakovskiy, occupying leading posts in party and state. From 62 members of TSK of party were subjected to repression 55. 17 narkomov of UKRAINE prisoners and are shot up. In party were purged, as a result of which Ukrainian communists not only eliminated from party but also subjected to repression.

The wave of repressions overcame an army. 80% higher soldiery ranks were shot up. On the eve of P world war an army remained without guidance.

In 1937 Stalin signed the decision on which for 4 months a 269 thousand of «enemies of people» must be punished. To the investigators it was settled to apply the methods of physical influence to detained. Prisoner under tortures often «acknowledged» itself guilty. Prisons were overcrowded. By the bodies of rasstrelyanih ditches in many places of Ukraine were filled.

By the victims of the Stalin repressions in Ukraine of steel million people. Stalin terror not only deprived freedoms and lives of mass of people, he seduced those, who was passed by a tragic fate. The faith of people in good perished, authorities collapsed, light ideals went out. And vice versa – low acts were encouraged – denunciations, slander.

Strengthening of dictatorship of party and authoritarian rule of one man became the consequence of such policy – Stalin.

3. Strengthening of the Stalin totalitarian mode.

In 30 the totalitarian mode was strengthened in USSR . He got the name of Stalin, because the cult of personality of «leader» became one of his displays

– Stalin.

Personality of Stalin was glorified and, simultaneously, ideas which he personified were glorified. Appearance of careful «father of people» intruded upon to the population. prigiznennie monuments, millionth drawings of biographies, newspapers filled with fotomaterialami about a

leader must form persuasion in consciousness of people, that he personifies them. Any, who expressed doubting on this occasion, became not only the enemy of dictator but also every citizen.

Forming of the single-party political system became the sign of totalitarianism in USSR also. All parties, except for bolshevist, were forbidden. Political opponents were pursued and subjected to repressions. Under pretence of fight against imperialism the complete control of the state above an economy was set in USSR. A peculiar was liquidated. Market economic laws are transferable by the detailed five-year plans.

The control of bolshevists above a policy was also full. All information was added to censorship. A culture was limited. Free-thinking was punished. Elections were taken to humiliating affirmative vote the candidates certain beforehand by power.

The control of the state spread also on the private life of citizens. Any display of individuality was examined as a threat of power. Ideas about a necessity to be the «screw» of the system were suggested to the population, about existence of «enemies» aspiring to prang her. Limitation of rights contacted not with violation of legality, and with «intrigues of enemies». The total control at the Stalin mode was provided by the mass repressions and terror.

Questions for the control of employments:

1.What was the policy of "military communism" in Ukraine characterized by?

2.Ground essence of a new economic policy.

3.What value for Ukraine had formation of USSR?

4.What is the necessity of industrialization of country in?

5.Describe the basic stages of claim of line-up of a collective farm in Ukraine.

6.Is the totalitarian of the mode expressed in what?

Literature:

1.History of Ukrainian SSR in 10 – ti volumes. – TO., 1985.

2.History of Ukrainian SSR in 2 - h volumes. Short essay. – TO., 1982.

3.Orest subtelniy. Ukraine. History. – TO., 1993

4.N. Stavitskaya p.. History Of Ukraine. – the Methodical manual for the students of foreigners., Poltava, 1999.

Theme 8

Ukraine in the years of II world and Great Domestic war (1939 – 1945 g.g.).

"4 hours"

Plan.

1.Reasons, character and division into the periods of II world war

2.Beginning of II world war. Including of zapadnoukrainskih earths in the complement of USSR.

3.Ukraine in the plans of Hitler Germany. Proclamation of independent Ukraine in Lvov.

4.Beginning of Great Patriotic war. Defensive Of Kiev, Odessa, Sevastopol. Fascist terror. Policy of genocide.

5.Native break during war.

6.Soviet underground and partisan motion. OUN and UPA.

7.Release of Ukraine from German occupation. Renewal of national economy.

1.Украина in the plans of Hitler Germany. Proclamation of independent

Ukraine in Lvov.

On June, 22, 1941 Hitler Germany began war against USSR. To the summer of 1942 all territory of Ukraine was occupied by fascist troops. The general layout of «Ost» foresaw transformation of Ukraine in a colony, raw agrarian-material appendage of reyha, «vital space» for migration of representatives of «higher race».

65% Ukrainians were assumed to annihilate or evict from territories of Ukraine. On Western Ukraine, in Crimea, to Naddnepryanshine, Kherson, Gitomirskoy, Kamenets-podolskoy and Winnitca the regions it was planned to settle Germans. Must «germanize» the remaining local population.

It was planned to put economic riches of Ukraine on service of Germany. Equipment, raw material, products, works of art must be maximally taken out in reyh.

Occupying Ukraine, fascists destroyed integrity of its territory. She was parted on 4 parts, inferiors to different states and different administrative organs.

Under power of Romania were passed Chernovitskaya, Izmailskaya, Odessa to the region, and also some districts of Winnitca, Nikolaevskoy and Kherson the regions incorporated under the «Transnistriya name».

Lvov, Drogobichskuyu, Stanislavskuyu and Ternopolskuyu to the region under the name «Distrikt Galichina» invaders added to the governor general created on territory of Poland.

chernigovskuyu, Sumskuyu, Kharkov the regions and Donbass named a «front-line area» and she was under power of military command.

The other Ukrainian regions entered in the complement of reyhskomissariata «Ukraine» with a center in Rovno. He divided by 6 general districts. Beginning of war of Hitler Germany against USSR activated activity of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Part of ounovtsev was counted, that as bolshevism – enemy both OUN and hitlerites, association of efforts in the fight against him is possible.

Nazis bargained to use OUN in the fight against Red Army. In particular they agreed to forming from batalyonov «Nahtigal» and «Roland» of Legion of the Ukrainian nationalists.

The first days of war showed that hopes on achievement of independence by Germany, are groundless. On June, 30, 1941 after retreat of soviet troops from Lvov the OUN guidance collected Ukrainian national collection. It made decision to revive state independence of Ukraine and set up national government. The «act of proclamation of renewal of the Ukrainian state» and benediction of the metropolitan Sheptitskogo Andrey were widely promulgated.

But proclamation of the Ukrainian state system was not supported by guidance of nazi Germany. On July, 9, 1941 the Stetska government was dispersed. On September, 15, 1941 in order of Hitler the prisoners S.Bandera, Ya.Stetsko and other members of government. About 300 members OUN prisoners, and 15 leaders of organization are shot up.

2. Soviet underground and partisan motion. OUN and UPA.

From the first days of occupation the anti-fascist fight developed on territory of Ukraine . Afoot Resistances there were 2 flows: communist (guerrillas and soviet underground) and nationalistic motion (OUN-UPA).

By the base of soviet partisan motion of steel of subdivision of soviet troops which turned out in to the rear of German parts. The Ukrainian staff of partisan motion was created in June, 1942.

Soviet partisan motion attained the higher getting up in 1943 To this time large guerrillas and whole connections were formed: under the direction of S.Kovpaka, A.Fedorova, A.Saburova, M.Naumova. They accomplished the great number of soldiery operations, including raids which brought the considerable help to front. Partisans blew up echelons, railway and motor-