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текст “Famous psychologists.Jung, Carl Gustav”.

He was born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, Switzerland, in the family of a Protestant clergyman (священника). After graduating in medicine in 1902 from the universities of Basel and Zurich, with a wide background in biology, zoologypalaeontology, and archaeology, he began his work on word association, in which a patient's responses to stimulus words revealed what Jung called «complexes»—a term that has since become universal. These studies brought him international fame and led him to a close collaboration with Freud.

With the publication of Psychology of the Unconscious (1912), however, Jung declared his independence from Freud's narrowly sexual interpretation of the libido by showing the close parallels between ancient myths and psychotic fantasies and by explaining human motivation in terms of a larger creative energy. He gave up (отказался от) the presidency of the International Psychoanalytic Society and founded a movement called analytical psychology.

During his remaining 50 years Jung developed his theories, drawing on a wide knowledge of mythology and history; on his travels to diverse (разнообразные) cultures in New Mexico, India, and Kenya; and especially, on the dreams and fantasies of his childhood. In 1921 he published a major work, Psychological Types, in which he dealt with the relationship between the conscious and unconscious and proposed the now well-known personality types—extrovert and introvert.

He later made a distinction (сделал различие) between the personal unconscious, or the repressed feelings and thoughts developed during an individual's life, and the collective unconscious, or those inherited feelings (унасле­дованные чувства), thoughts, and memories shared by all humanity. The collective unconscious, according to Jung, is made up of what he called «archetypes». These correspond to such experiences as confronting death or choosing a mate (выбор пары) and manifest themselves symbolically in religions, myths, fairy tales (сказки), and fantasies.

Jung wrote many works on analytical methods and the relationships between psychotherapy and religious belief. He died on June 6, 1961.

2. Answer the questions:

1. What is Jung famous for? 2. Where did he study and work? 3. What studies did bring him international fame? 4.Why did Jung declare his independence from Freud's views? 5. What movement did he found and why? 6. When did he publish his major work?6. When did he propose the well-known personality types? 7.What is the collective unconscious? 8. What did Jung call «archetypes»?

3.Граматичний матеріал

Ex. 1. Open the brackets using the Future Perfect Continuous tense.

1. They (to sit) here for 20 minutes when I come. 2. In ten minute’s time l (to hang) around here for exactly four hours 3. When they finish I (to wait) for them for 30 minutes. 4. Tomorrow it will be a month as they (to work) on this project. 5. He (work) on his book for a year soon. 6. He (to repair) his car for two weeks on Wednesday. 7. He (to study) in London for two years when I come here. 8. He (to teach) German for two years when I begin to teach English. 9. By next July she (to live) here for five years. 10. At six o’clock I (to work) for five hours.

Ex. 2. Put in much/many/few/little (one word only).

1. She isn't very popular. She has    few    friends. 2. Ann is very busy these days. She has _______ free time. 3. Did you take _______ photographs when you were on holiday? 4. I'm not very busy today. I haven't got _______ to do. 5. This is a very modern city. There are _______ old buildings. 6. The weather has been very dry recently. We've had _______ rain. 7. 'Do you know Rome?'    "No. I haven't been there for _______ years.' 8. I use the phone _____ at work.        9. There wasn't ____ traffic this morning.        10. You need _____money to travel round the world

Ex. 3. Fill in the blanks with these words: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when.

1. Things were different _____ I was young. 2. I do it _____ I like it. 3. Let us wait here _____ the rain stops. 4. You cannot be a lawyer  _____ you have a law degree. 5. That was years _____ years ago. 6. She has not called _____ she left last week. 7. I saw him leaving an hour _____ two ago. 8. This is an expensive _____ very useful book. 9. We were getting tired _____ we stopped for a rest. 10. He was angry _____ he heard when happened.

Ex. 4. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using somebody, they, people etc., write a passive sentence.

1. Somebody cleans the room every day.    The room is cleaned every day.     2. They cancelled all flights because of fog. All ___________________________ 3. People don't use this road much.  ______________________________ 4. Somebody accused me of stealing money.   I ___________________________ 5. How do people learn languages?    How ______________________________ 6. Somebody warned us not to go out alone. ______________________________ 7. Jean told me that the book was worth reading. __________________________ 8. Scientists tell the Earth goes round the Sun. _____________________________ 9. William Turner, English artist, painted this picture. _______________________ 10. Somebody searches for news every minute. ___________________________

Практичне заняття № 4

Тема: Роль вивчення іноземних мов у формуванні особистості майбутнього фахівця.

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The answer should be easy. English is a universal language (global language in case we are not the only creature who can speak.) The world has changed. We can no longer live alone in our country anymore. If you want to learn the world you need to learn English....

With IT, we can open ourselves to the world and the only way we can connect to the world is to the universal language. If you are a business man you would have to learn English to expand your business to overseas. If you are students you would have to learn English for your own bright future or, at least, pass the exam.

If you are an employee you would have to learn English for the benefit of your career.

Even if you are just a street walker you still want to learn English to understand what's going on in the world....

No matter whom you are. Learn English is very important. You can't avoid it and do not avoid it before you getting too far behind.

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Causes of mental disorders

Numerous factors have been linked to the development of mental disorders. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause. A common view is that disorders often result from genetic vulnerabilities combining with environmental stressors (Diathesis-stress model). An eclectic or pluralistic mix of models may be used to explain particular disorders. The primary paradigm of contemporary mainstream Western psychiatry is said to be the biopsychosocial (BPS) model - incorporating biological, psychological and social factors - although this may not be applied in practice. Biopsychiatry has tended to follow a biomedical model, focusing on "organic" or "hardware" pathology of the brain. Psychoanalytic theories have been popular but are now less so. Evolutionary psychology may be used as an overall explanatory theory. Attachment theory is another kind of evolutionary-psychological approach sometimes applied in the context for mental disorders. A distinction is sometimes made between a "medical model" or a "social model" of disorder and related disability.

Genetic studies have indicated that genes often play an important role in the development of mental disorders, via developmental pathways interacting with environmental factors. The reliable identification of connections between specific genes and specific categories of disorder has proven more difficult.

Environmental events surrounding pregnancy and birth have also been implicated. Traumatic brain injury may increase the risk of developing certain mental disorders. There have been some tentative inconsistent links found to certain viral infections to substance misuse, and to general physical health.

Abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems has been implicated, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and glutamate systems. Differences have also been found in the size or activity of certain brains regions in some cases. Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as cognitive and emotional processes, personality, temperament and coping style.

Social influences have been found to be important, including abuse, bullying and other negative or stressful life experiences. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated, including employment problems, socioeconomic inequality, lack of social cohesion, problems linked to migration, and features of particular societies and cultures.