Appendix 1. Helpful linking words and devices

Giving reason: owing to, due to the fact that, inasmuch as, since, because of, on account of; accordingly, hence, consequently, as a consequence of, on the grounds that, resulting in, therefore, thus, in view of, now that, seeing that, for this reason, on the whole, in general; that’s why I feel that…; I think there are several reasons for that.

Comparing and contrasting: as … as, not as/so … as, as much of …, more of/less of, the more … the less, is similar to; similarly, likewise, of equal importance is…, equally, in the same way, correspondingly; while, whereas, in contrast to, contrary to, rather than, conversely; at the same time.

Exemplifying: an example of this is when\the way …, for example/instance, for a start, for one thing, if you look at, one more thing, take … for instance, namely, particularly, specifically, to exemplify this, especially.

Giving chronological events: initially, first, at first, to start/begin with, first of all;

secondly, after this/that, second, afterwards, then, next; finally, at last, in the end, eventually, lastly.

Making reference: considering, concerning, regarding, with respect/regard/reference to, in respect/regard/reference to this or to the fact that, according to, with reference to.

Making concession: even so, however, still, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand, although, despite/in spite of, regardless of, admittedly, considering, whereas/while, nonetheless.

Placing emphasis: besides, not only this but…also; as well, what is more, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually, indeed, let alone, clearly, obviously, the fact of the matter is, in practice, apparently.

Indicating purpose: so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, in case, lest.

Giving addition: both …and, not only … but, also/as well, moreover, in addition to, further, furthermore, not to mention the fact that.

Showing condition and its consequences: in case, assuming that, on condition that, providing/provided that, in the event that, as long as, granted/granting that, otherwise, or else; under those circumstances, if so, if not, in that case, thus, consequently.

Making assumptions: stated that, granted that, broadly considered/seen, when exposed to, unless otherwise (specially) stated (indicated, specified), things being as they are.

Putting a different point of view: after all, all the same, anyway, at any rate, to put the same thing in another way, in other words, contrary to the popular belief, it is often argued/alleged that.

Stating and justifying opinions: in my opinion/view, to my way of thinking, to my mind, it would be more reasonable to say that …; I can’t be certain, but I think…, I could be wrong, but I think…, I feel strongly that, I am inclined to believe that, as far as I am concerned, I personally think…, In my personal opinion…; personally, I feel that…, this is what I think, seeing that, stating that, needless to say, suffice to say.

Making conclusions: In conclusion, in summary, to sum up, as (it) was previously stated, on the whole, all in all, in short, briefly, to put it briefly, if we summarize, above all, taking everything into account, all things considered, to come up with the idea, to synthesize the sources.

Making predictions, deducing meaning: apparently, judging from the first glimpse of the passage…,it would seem that…,it enables to work out that, taking into account, even if.., making personal judgements, it is crucial.

Appendix 2.