2_kurs_english

USE THE PROMPTS:

1.Poor people don’t bother about the food quality. The only thing they care about is the availability of any food. No food – no life.

2.Diseases that affect well-fed children only mildly such as measles or diarrhoea kill millions of malnourished children every year, while millions of others have their mental and physical growth stunted -- hurting their nation's overall development, as well as themselves.

Practice and present it in the next class period

INTERESTING TO KNOW !!!

SOME INTERESTING COFFEE FACTS

When shopping for perfume, take some coffee with you in your bag and have a good sniff in between smelling each perfume to refresh your nose!

Coffee beans grow on small trees with a lifespan of about 50 to 70 years.

A coffee tree can flower eight times in any one year - depending on rainfall.

COFFEE IS...

The second most widely used product in the world after oil.

It is consumed at the rate of 1400 million cups per day.

The world's second most popular drink after water.

Did you know that …

The word "cappuccino" comes from the 16th century Capuchin order of friars (monks), whose hoods were called cappuccinos. A cappuccino is a coffee topped with steamed milk.

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The word "tip" is also related to coffee. It comes from old London coffeehouses where the waiters' brass boxes were etched with the inscription, "To Insure Promptness."

COFFEE - THIS EXTREMELY POPULAR DRINK

Coffee is the seed of a cherry from the tree genus Coffea, a tree yielding about 1kg of coffee per year. There are more than 25 species of coffee, the 3 main commercial types being Robusta, Liberia and Arabica.

For centuries coffee and tea have been extraordinarily popular beverages throughout the world. It is said that the stimulant effects of coffee were first noted by goat herders in eastern Africa who observed that the goats which nibbled the berries of coffee plants were friskier than the others.

The first European cafes were opened by immigrants from Asia around 1650. Coffee beans are grown in subtropical regions around the world. The biggest growers are Brazil and Columbia.

Coffee can be consumed warm or cold and in any of the following styles: instant, filter, cappuccino, espresso (so strong you are only allowed 5ml at any one time, and it must be served in a steel reinforced cup), mocha, latte, or any combination of these. Some drink their coffee with cream and sugar, others with milk and sugar; but purists claim the only way to drink a cup of 'Joe' is black... with or without sugar.

Coffee can be used as a breakfast drink (or as just plain breakfast), with a luncheon snack, or for after dinner with dessert. Not only does it wake you up and keep you going, but the smell also invigorates the room that you are in.

There are many different ways of making good coffee: percolators, filter machines, small brass pots and so on.

COFFEE AND HEALTH

Caffeine increases the power of aspirin and other painkillers. That is why it is found in some medicines. Ironically, caffeine withdrawal also is one of the most common causes of headaches. Women who drink 2 or more cups of coffee a day also have an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. This, however, can be offset by drinking milk or yoghurt to replace the lost calcium. Most studies have found that high caffeine consumption impairs fertility, and taken during pregnancy may cause premature or defected birth.

Caffeine is removed from coffee by treating the green beans with chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. Instant coffee is prepared by mixing ground and roasted coffee with hot water. The water is then evaporated by spray dryers and high pressure, leaving only the coffee powder. In some coffee products, coffee is replaced with chicory (a wildflower herb), fig, date, malt, or barley, remotely resembling real coffee.

Caffeine is known medically as trimethylxanthine, and the chemical formula is C8H10N4O2.

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IS COFFEE REALLY BAD FOR YOU?

‘Do not drink too much coffee’ – some doctors warn.

‘Coffee is quite harmless to our health, if only you take reasonable quantities of this blissful drink’, - claim the others.

And, what are the real effects of coffee on our health?

A Swiss study indicates that the caffeine contained in coffee is not, as was widely thought, responsible for raising blood pressure. The finding suggests that another ingredient in coffee is to blame for stimulating the cardiovascular system. The research also indicated that regular coffee drinkers seem to become immune to the effects.

Regular drinkers showed increased stimulation of nerve pathways - but no increase in blood pressure.

CAFFEINE ‘REDUCES PRODUCTIVITY’

Researchers have found that caffeine intake may be partly to blame for office workers' poor performance. They found that drinking 350mg of caffeine can cause lapses in concentration and increased stress.

The average cup of coffee contains about 100mg of caffeine. 80% of adults drink coffee within the course of a week. Coffee is not the only beverage to contain caffeine, but it does contain the most. Caffeine acts as a stimulant to the heart and central nervous system. Caffeine is also known to increase blood pressure in the short-term, although there is no conclusive evidence that there are long-term effects on blood pressure.

SMOKERS' CANCER RISK 'CUT BY COFFEE'

Drinking coffee may be able to cut a smoker's chances of developing bladder cancer, according to research. It has been long known that smokers are at risk of developing bladder cancer, and prior to the Spanish study, coffee was also thought to increase the risk slightly. Bladder cancer patients from five Spanish provinces were questioned about their diet, smoking habits, coffee consumption and other factors. Non-coffee drinkers who smoked were compared to those who both drank coffee and smoked. For smokers, the effect of drinking coffee was roughly to halve the extra risk created by their habit. So while coffee drinkers fared better than their non-coffee smoking counterparts, they were still at greater risk than those who did not smoke at all.

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STILL A RISK

In fact, the coffee group was still three times more likely to get bladder cancer than non-smokers. Just how the beverage manages to attenuate cancer risk is a mystery, although some studies have suggested that it may be able to react with carcinagenic compounds to form less harmful substances. This is supported by the fact that the toxicity of caffeine on the body is thought to be less for cigarette smokers.

SURPRISING HEALTH-RELATED COFFEE NEWS

Consumption of increasing amounts of coffee or caffeine from other sources is associated with a significantly lower incidence of Parkinson disease, a condition which affects a region of the brain causing a tremor of the hands, an abnormal gait (walk), rigidity of the legs and arms, and often altered mental function.

COFFEE, CYSTIC BREAST DISEASE, AND BREAST CANCER

While there is some controversy regarding the relationship between cystic breast disease and coffee, most studies have failed to show a statistically significant relationship between cystic disease and coffee consumption. There is even less scientific evidence to suggest that coffee (or the chief active ingredient of coffee, methylxanthine) increases the likelihood of breast cancer. On the other hand, if cystic breast disease is present presumably from another cause, coffee may increase the tenderness associated with the condition.

DISCUSSION …

COFFEE VERSUS TEA

Tea, unfortunately, is an exceedingly British drink. Not just due to its gentlemanly waterish discretion, but because of the soft, pale, inoffensive atmosphere that it gives off.

Coffee has the advantage of being able to add flavors to it. But most important you can add liquor to coffee - Whisky, Bailey's, Pepperment Schapps.

It's interesting to note the division between those in the New World who prefer the brash kick of coffee and openly deride the weaker points of tea, and the Brits who feel the necessity to defend the qualities of Tea, heedless (careless) of their own preferences. We are also neglecting the fact that the majority of people in the world don't drink tea like the British - hot water with a drop of milk and a swift dipping of really strong black tea. Green China Tea for example is a completely different experience.

Now that you have read these pages, you should know quite a lot about the positive and negative sides of tea and coffee. Dispute all the merits and demerits of the drinks. Give your attitude. Ground your arguments.

There are questions to help you.

1Do you think it’s a good or bad thing that people prime themselves with a cup of coffee as a pick-me-up in the morning?

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2What do you prefer, tea or coffee? Why?

3Are you coffee or tea-addicted? Why?

4Do you drink it quite regularly or in huge quantities?

5Do you take coffee only as a breakfast drink, or in-between as well?

6What drink is highly popular among students? Why?

7Could a sleep disorder be aggravated by strong coffee or tea?

8Does drinking coffee put people in a better mood? Does it really improve their mood?

READING COMPREHENSION

UNIT 5

How do we encourage children to be active?

Why are children in the UK among the laziest in the world?

Why do Australian and Chinese children exercise more, but Russian and Indian children less?

As you read the article think over how to respond the above mentioned questions.

It is important that people of all ages and abilities are aware of the huge benefits of being active. The average British child is one of the "least healthy" in the world - spending nearly half a year in front of a television or games console, between the ages of seven and 16.

The most active young people were in Australia, with China second and Germany third. South African, Russian and Indian children were less active than the average British child.

The survey found UK children spend an average of 9.4 hours a week playing computer games or watching TV, but less than one hour a day being active. Ranking the 10 countries in order of their children's fitness, Britain came in as the seventh fittest nation. Faring even worse were youngsters from Russia and India. South African children came out as the least healthy overall.

Australian children proved to be a most fit.

Although, according the survey, they spent an average of ten hours a week in front of a television or games console, they made up for this by playing far more sport than children from other nations.

China came second in the health rankings, and Germany third.

But the survey also revealed that 94% of the children from the Britain said they enjoyed taking part in sport. Swimming was their favourite form of exercise, followed by football and cycling.

A recent report from the Department of Health predicted more than 12 million adults and one million children will be obese by 2010 if no action is taken.

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The Health Survey for England also warned 19% of boys and 22% of girls aged two to 15 will be obese by this time.

"Obesity in children is a serious issue, and the inescapable fact is that it is about energy in versus energy out." "It is important that people of all ages and abilities are aware of the huge benefits of being active and the role this can play in weight management and in reducing obesity."

Children 'must have outside play'

Young people face a "physical and mental illness time bomb" unless they get more chance to play outside. A lack of outdoor exercise caused heart problems and diabetes.

British children are among the unhealthiest and unhappiest in Europe.

Sedentary lifestyles

As councils cut their spending on outdoor spaces and society encourages physical idleness, obesity is becoming an epidemic. Young people now face heart problems, diabetes and other diseases because of their sedentary lifestyles. This puts them at risk of premature death and confronts the NHS with a rocketing bill. This is a subject that affects us all. The cost of obesity will have to be met ultimately by society - it is a time bomb waiting to go off, like climate change. Open spaces were more cost-effective, and of benefit to more people, than indoor fitness centres. "The streets are full of traffic, and play spaces are desolate and scarred by drugtaking. » Investment in urban parks and open spaces dropped from 44% of local authority spending to 31% by 2000. Mental illness could be directly attributed to poorly designed neighbourhoods. Researchers found 16% of children were overweight and only 27% ate fruit every day.

GIVING YOUR VIEWPOINT …

Task 1 Complete the discussion. Share your opinion of the harmful effects of the latest developments on children’s health

Nowadays, children lead a sedentary lifestyle. They become more passive, as they spend most of their free time either seated in front of television or ‘glued’ to computer screens. On the one hand, the latest technological achievements brought great progress making their life much easier and diverse. There’s no denying the fact that television is of great educational value. The matter is what programmes children choose. The Internet becomes a home library – they can get any book they need. The point is whether they use computers to get information or just to play computer games.

On the other hand, all the hi-techs might be harmful for their life. First, children become slaves to them. Computers and television make children lazy. What’s more, they ruin…

Task 2 Discuss the questions

1.Are you an active person?

2.Being active and energetic is vitally important in our life. Why?

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What’s the main benefit of being active?

3.What nation is the most active in the world? What do you think?

4.What about the Americans? Do you consider them ‘the least healthy’ nation? Why?

5.What might happen with you, if you do not move much and spend hours in front of television? What problems might you face?

6.Why is obesity becoming an epidemic?

Appendix 1

ENGLISH TENSES – DIAGRAMS

Present Perfect (Continuous)

Past Perfect (Continuous)

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We use the Simple Present for:

A. Daily events, repeated and usual actions or habits, something that often happens

I play tennis. She does not play tennis. Does he play tennis?

The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. The train does not leave at 9 AM.

When does the train usually leave?

Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. Does the Sun circle the Earth?

The weather changes with every season.

A. Facts and permanent states

Cats like milk. Birds do not like milk. Do pigs like milk?

California is in America. California is not in the United Kingdom.

Rice grows in rainy weather. It doesn’t grow in cold countries.

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

I live in Scotland, but all my parents live in England.

Do you speak any foreign language?

How many languages do you speak?

H.Scheduled events in the near future

The train leaves Moscow tonight and arrives in St. Petersburg at 7 AM.

The party starts at 8 o'clock.

When does class begin tomorrow?

The news programme starts in one hour.

When does the plane land? Does it land in ten minutes?

It is Sunday tomorrow.

What time does the film start?

ACTIVE and PASSIVE

Somebody cleans this room every day. (Active)

This room is cleaned every day. (Passive)

They make drugs according to special technology. (Active)

Drugs are made according to special technology. (Passive)

Careless driving causes most road accidents. (Active)

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Most road accidents are caused by careless driving. (Passive)

How do you pronounce this word in English?

How is this word pronounced in English?

My mother wakes me up at 7 every morning.

I’m woken up by a loud noise outside.

Strong wind damages trees a lot in rainy weather.

Trees are damaged a lot by wind in strong weather.

We use the Present Continuous for:

A. For actions happening now, at this very moment.

They are reading their books. They are not watching television.

What are you doing? Why aren't you doing your homework?

What are they doing? They are surfing the Internet.

Let’s go out. It’s not raining any more.

The milk is boiling. Watch it.

B. For longer actions happening around the moment of speaking.

I am studying to become a doctor.

I am reading the book ‘Tom Sawyer’.

Aren't you teaching at the university now?

We’re studying Italian, as we intend to go to Italy this summer.

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C. For fixed actions in the near future:

I am not going to the party tonight.

Is he visiting his parents next weekend?

We’re leaving for Kiev today.

REMEMBER!

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs, and also certain meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. With these verbs, you must use Simple Present.

She loves this chocolate ice cream.

I’m seeing my doctor tomorrow. But: I (can) see some people in the class now.

These flowers smell great!

Why are you smelling the air? What’s wrong?

ACTIVE and PASSIVE

The Turkish workmen are building a new road in our city. (Active)

A new road is being built in our city by the Turkish workmen. (Passive)

Somebody is cleaning the office at the moment. (Active)

The office is being cleaned at the moment.(Passive)

We use the Simple Past for:

A.Completed actions in the past

I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday.

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