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.pdfUNIT 4
READING COMPREHENSION BRADFORD SCHOOL OF PHARMACY
Bradford School of Pharmacy offers the courses in:
-MSc in Clinical Pharmacy
-MSc in Pharmaceutical Services and Medicines Control
-Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D.)
TEXT A.
MSc IN CLINICAL PHARMACY
Scan the text to obtain some more additional information about the taught Course offering MSc in Clinical Pharmacy.
Incorporating Postgraduate Certificate and Diploma levels
Bradford School of Pharmacy offers two pathways: Hospital and Community.
Hospital
The pathway is part-time. Students on the hospital course attend for the equivalent of two days per month during normal University terms (30 weeks per annum in total).
PG Diploma students may be permitted to transfer to the MSc depending on their performance. Such candidates will be required to submit a project/dissertation.
This course provides a general understanding of the factors involved in the safe, effective and economic use of medicines for therapeutic purposes. It concentrates on aspects of importance for pharmacists undertaking clinical duties in hospitals, so that they are competent to analyse and critically evaluate drug therapies in order to recommend appropriate action for the therapeutic management of a patient. Previous experience of hospital pharmacy at ward level is required.
Outline Syllabus
Introduction to clinical pharmacy (double); Respiratory disease; Cardiology; Endocrinology; Musculo-skeletal disease; Paediatrics; Care of the elderly; Mental health; Cancer care; Gastroenterology; Surgery.
Teaching takes the form of study days linked to hospital ward-based practical coursework/assignments. Students on this course attend ward rounds, and critically evaluate the therapeutic management of selected patients.
Community
This part-time course provides community pharmacists with a working knowledge of clinical pharmacy within the changing primary healthcare sector. It
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focuses on the appropriate sale of medicinal products or referral following presentation of symptoms by a patient, and on the medicine management of a patient. The course is of a distance-learning format and modular in design, with community pharmacy-based practical coursework/assignments.
PG Diploma students may be permitted to transfer to the MSc depending on their performance. Such candidates will be required to submit a project/dissertation.
Outline Syllabus
All modules are core, double modules.
Pain; Dermatology; Gastroenterology; Respiratory system; Endocnnology and Cardiovascular Neurology and Psychiatry
Assessment
MSc in Clinical Pharmacy (Hospital)
Six theory papers, two objective structure pharmacy practice examinations, and coursework arising from the practice-based sessions, oral case presentations, critical evaluation essays and performance on the ward.
MSc in Clinical Phamacy (Community)
100% coursework consisting of pharmaceutical care plans, written assignments and a reflective statement.
TEXT B.
MSc IN PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICES
AND MEDICINES CONTROL
Scan the text to obtain some more additional information about the taught Course offering MSc in Pharmaceutical Services and Medicines Control.
Intended for pharmacists working in developing countries, this course focuses on the production, procurement, quality control and distribution of pharmaceuticals, and covers the regulation and licensing of medicinal products, to give the professional working in a healthcare environment valuable managerial skills.
The course follows the standard pattern at MSc level. It may only be taken full-time.
Outline Syllabus
The syllabus includes: Medicines licensing and regulations; Quality assurance of pharmaceuticals; Storage, distribution and record keeping; Drug information and its evaluation; Therapeutic and clinical aspects of essential medicines; Tropical diseases; Trends in illness and strategies for treatment; Organisation of health services; and Management and communication skills.
There is a programme of visits to hospital and community pharmacies, drug manufacturers and other centres involved in the production and control of quality medicines and vaccines.
Careers
Some of our recent graduates have taken up the following roles: In industry, government positions, and from the Clinical Pharmacy programmes into senior
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positions in the community and hospital pharmacy sectors. Others are employed in academia.
Assessment
MSc in Pharmaceutical Services and Medicines Control/Pharmaceutical
Management
Taught modules are assessed by formal written examinations. Assessment is completed by the submission of a dissertation on a research project undertaken in the third term.
TEXT C.
DOCTOR OF PHARMACY
Scan the text to obtain some more additional information about the taught Course offering Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D.)
The D Pharm programme is among the first in Europe and offers a new professional doctorate pathway to hospital pharmacists. It is aimed at developing a range of research-based skills, focusing on improved delivery of clinical pharmacy services to the patient.
Outline Programme
Part 1 of this modular programme (2 or 3 years part-time) enhances key clinical skills through case studies. Personal research competencies are also developed in the candidate's chosen area of specialisation. A definitive literature review and the research proposal compiled in Part 1 are followed by the second phase (2 years), focused entirely on the design, evaluation and publication of a hospital pharmacy-based research project for the doctoral programme, leading to the doctoral thesis.
Assessment
During Part 1 the candidate's portfolio of pharmacy practice is assessed for core competencies by practising and senior tutors. Written assignments are the focus for the assessment of the research-based modules. A reflective journal is provided at the end of Part 1 and examined in a viva-voce by an externally moderated assessment panel. At the end of Part 2, the doctoral thesis is examined exactly as for a PhD.
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TEXT D.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
TO THE SCHOOL OF PHARMACY.
QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY, BELFAST.
Scan the text to obtain some more additional information about the School of Pharmacy situated on the Medical Biology Centre site.
The School of Pharmacy is situated on the Medical Biology Centre site, in close proximity to the two main Teaching Hospitals (Belfast City Hospital and the Royal Victoria Hospital) and to the pre-clinical and clinical departments of the School of Medicine.
Historical Background to the School of Pharmacy
The Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland was formed in 1920 as a consequence of the Government of Ireland Act of that year.
In 1929, a BSc degree in Pharmaceutics was founded at The Queen's University of Belfast, making it one of the oldest pharmacy degree courses in the United Kingdom.
Teaching in Pharmacy was provided at this time by the Belfast College of Technology. The degree course ran in tandem with the diploma course, then the major entry route into the profession. In common with the rest of the UK, degree level entry into the profession became mandatory in the late 1960's.
In 1969, the BSc Pharmaceutics degree at Queen's was recognised as a qualifying degree for direct registration with the then Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
Following a reorganisation of higher education in Northern Ireland, the course moved in 1971 from the College of Technology to a new Department of Pharmacy in Queen's University. At this time, the first chair in pharmacy was founded.
In 1980, the department moved to a purpose designed building on the University's Medical Biology Centre campus, adjacent to the Belfast City Hospital. In 1988, following a reorganisation within the University, Pharmacy became one of seven schools within the Faculty of Science. The opening of the McClay Research Centre in 2002 doubled the available space in the School. In 2005 the School became one of five schools in the new Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences.
The School of Pharmacy occupies approximately 4000 square metres of purpose-built space, located on the campus of Belfast City Hospital (a major teaching hospital), about 5 minutes walk from the central university campus.
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The main School of Pharmacy building provides undergraduate teaching facilities, together with a new Pharmacy Practice Research Unit and research laboratories for Clinical Pharmacy and Medicinal Chemistry.
Undergraduate provision in the main building includes teaching laboratories for the three main scientific disciplines in the MPharm course (Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology) and specialised laboratories for aseptic processing, pharmaceutical analysis, radioisotopes and solid dosage form processing.The building also houses a new, purpose-built ‘practice’ Pharmacy and associated advanced teaching facilities including a video-equipped seminar room and other small group teaching rooms. Most recently, the main building has been extended to include a newly refurbished 130-seater lecture theatre, a Continuing Professional Development Centre (NICPPET) and administrative offices for the School’s Distance Learning Programmes in Clinical and Community Pharmacy.
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Linked to the Main Building at ground floor level via a ‘student lobby’ area is the new, state-of-the-art McClay Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences, an eye-catching structure clearly reflecting the ‘high tech’ style of design, wholly in keeping with the advanced research taking place within. Research laboratories rise up through the four floors of the building and open onto an atrium via floor-to-ceiling glass walls, allowing visitors a clear view of the researchers at work. An open lobby area on the ground floor is designed to facilitate scientific meetings and conferences, and the facilities are completed by a new Reception and Administration Centre, plus seminar rooms and staff office space.
The McClay Research Centre provides research laboratories for the School’s programmes in Drug Delivery, Medical Devices, Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Biomolecular Science. Specialised areas include suites for advanced microscopy, pharmaceutical thermal analysis and tissue culture. Two research units are also located in the McClay research centre: the Pharmaceutical Formulation Research Unit and the newly established Medical Polymers Research Institute (MPRI), a joint venture with the Schools of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering. MPRI will have extensive facilities for polymer processing and characterisation.
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GOING BEYOND THE TEXT … with a partner:
-Discuss the education provided in Bradford School of Pharmacy and Kharkiv National University of Pharmacy and give its merits and demerits.
-Try to convince your friend to study at the National University of Pharmacy in Kharkiv. Give your grounds.
-A new student from Nigeria has decided to study pharmacy in your country. Ask, what factors have influenced his/her decision.
ASSIGNMENT …
Develop a project on the effective moments discovered from Bradford School on Pharmacy, which you hope to use further. Present your project in the next class period.
UNIT 5
THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE IN BRITAIN
Task 1 Skim the text and explain the unfamiliar words and phrases.
TEXT.
THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE IN BRITAIN
The logo of the NHS for England.
The colour, "NHS Blue" is used on signs and leaflets throughout the NHS in England.
The NHS provides the majority of healthcare in England, from general practitioners to hospitals, long-term healthcare, dentistry and ophthalmology.
The National Health Service (NHS) was set up in 1948 and is now the largest organization in Europe. It is recognized as one of the best health services in the world by the World Health Organization but there need to be improvements to cope with the demands of the 21st century. The NHS is changing the way it works to make sure patients always come first. The NHS was once described by Nigel Lawson, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, as "the national religion".
Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used only by a small percentage of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services.
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Any British citizen may use the NHS. It provides a full range of medical treatment and care. Most of this is free, though in some areas of health care the patient may have to pay some money.
Who runs the NHS?
Central government departments are responsible for planning in the National Health Service. There are several departments for health care for Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Day-to-day administration of health services is organized by local health authorities.
Primary health care is the basic everyday care offered by the NHS. If you feel ill, you will go first to someone who provides this – usually a GP, who is often called a family doctor.
Opticians and dentists will usually check to see if you need any treatment, and then arrange for an appointment to carry that treatment out. GPs will, for most illnesses, write you a prescription. You take the prescription to a pharmacist (chemist), who will provide your medication. In more serious cases, where primary health care is not sufficient, your GP will send you to a hospital to visit a specialist. The specialist will then decide what treatment you should receive.
Not all medical treatment is free in Britain. The NHS provides more or less free medical treatment to all British citizens, and to visitors from countries within the European Community and certain other countries which have special arrangements.
It costs nothing to visit a doctor or dentist, or to be treated in hospital. However, for dental treatment and check-ups and treatment from an optician the patient must pay certain charges. Also, through the medication prescribed by a NHS doctor is ‘free’, the pharmacist will make a prescription charge for providing it. This charge is the same for every prescription.
Certain groups of people – the under 16s, old age pensioners, pregnant women, mothers with young babies, and people who are unemployed or have very low incomes – do not pay any of these charges.
Eighty-three per cent of the NHS is paid for from general taxes. Also, every employer and employee has to pay a weekly National Insurance contribution. Payment of this contribution entitles people to various benefits - payments when they are unemployed, for example, or when they retire from work (at the age of sixty for a woman, and sixty-five for a man). Some of this contribution also goes directly to help pay for the NHS,
Most people have to pay to maintain the NHS - through taxes and other payments -and everyone can make use of the services offered.
But it is also possible to pay for private health treatment in Britain. About 5.5 million people are covered by private health insurance. Individuals, or the companies for which they work, pay a monthly sum to an insurance company, and if they are ill, they receive immediate private treatment.
The NHS is one part of the social welfare system. The others are personal social services and social security.
Personal social services provide help for old people, such as 'Meals on Wheels' (cooked food brought to the old person's home) and special housing; assistance and equipment for disabled people and the mentally ill, such as day-
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care centres; help for families with particular problems (e.g. unmarried mothers) and for children with special needs (e.g. where both parents are dead).
Social security provides financial help for various categories of people. The most common forms of assistance are:
retirement pensions for women at the age of 60 and men at 65
child benefit for each child up to the age of 16, normally paid to the mother
pensions and allowances for widows
unemployment benefit (often called the dole) for those out of work
The NHS is a rewarding place to work. There are few careers that are as rewarding as one in the NHS, or that give you the opportunity to work with such a variety of people. The NHS actively recruits people of all ages, backgrounds and levels of experience. This helps understand the different needs of the patients and provide the best possible service.
Benefits of working in the NHS
Everyone who joins the NHS is guaranteed a salary that matches their ability and responsibilities, and given every opportunity to increase it through training and development. On top of their basic salary, doctors will receive at least 27 days’ holiday each year, plus a range of other benefits including occupational health and counseling services.
UNDERSTANDING DETAILS AND DISCUSSION …
Task 2 Give sentences of your own to show you understand the meaning of the following: day-to-day, checkup, longterm, family doctor, medical treatment, be treated in, private health care.
Task 3 What does a GP stand for? Give a synonym to a GP.
Task 4 Scan the text to find the specific information on health care and service in Britain. Give and respond questions using the topical vocabulary of the text.
GOING BEYOND THE TEXT… PRACTICE AUTHENTIC SITUATIONS…
Task 5 Construct with a partner an original 10-12 line dialogue about the health care and services in Britain. Use the information from the text.
Task 6 Develop the idea of private health care and service giving their positive and negative sides. Compare it with the Health Service in Ukraine.
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Use prompts: I consider…, I strongly believe…, however, For every plus there is a minus.
Recent developments
The National Health Service has always aimed to provide certain health services free of charge to patients, the bill being paid by local authorities with subsidies from the government. Doctors and hospitals, although working within budgets, were not financially restricted in their treatment of patients.
Other social services
The NHS is one part of the social welfare system. The others are personal social services and social security.
Social security provides financial help various categories of people. The most common forms of assistance are:
-retirement pensions for women at the age of 60 and men at 65.
-child benefit for each child up to the age of 16, normally paid to the mother.
-pensions and allowances for widows.
-unemployment benefit (often called the dole) for those out of work.
DISCUSSION POINT…
1Britain has a National Health Service which is mostly free for everyone.
Why do you think that some people decide to have private health care? Your attitude.
Do you think that it is a good or a bad thing that medical staff and hospitals spend part of their time on private patients?
2National Health Service in Ukraine is experiencing hard times now. It is suffering from considerable cutbacks and under-funding. Government reductions and inadequate funding are forcing hospitals to close. This once noble profession became abandoned in our country. Some doctors are losing their face. What is more, it is not worthwhile and rewarding to be a doctor. Waiting lists are getting longer. Under such circumstances it is no surprise that more people and more people in Ukraine turning their back on public healthcare, and switching over to private healthcare. In search of prompt and proper help they resort to private healthcare.
Discuss it. Give your attitude to this problem.
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