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used, special carriers in your body take them to where they're needed. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all fat-soluble vitamins.

Water-soluble vitamins are different. When you eat foods that have watersoluble vitamins, the vitamins don't get stored as much in your body. Instead, they travel through your bloodstream. And whatever your body doesn't use comes out when you urinate.

So these kinds of vitamins need to be replaced often because they don't like to stick around! This crowd of vitamins includes vitamin C and the big group of B vitamins - B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), niacin, B6 (pyridoxine), folic acid, B12 (cobalamine), biotin, and pantothenic acid.

Vitamins Feed Your Needs

Your body is one powerful machine, capable of doing all sorts of things by itself. But one thing it can't do is make vitamins. That's where food comes in. Your body is able to get the vitamins it needs from the foods you eat because different foods contain different vitamins. Now, let's look more closely at vitamins - from A to K:

VITAMIN A

This vitamin plays a really big part in eyesight. It's great for night vision, like when you're trick-or-treating on Halloween. Vitamin A helps you see in colour, too, from the brightest yellow to the darkest purple. In addition, it helps you grow properly and aids in healthy skin.

Which foods are rich in vitamin A? – They are eggs, milk, apricots, nectarines, cantaloupe, carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach.

THE B VITAMINS

There's more than one B vitamin. Here's the list: B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, folic acid, biotin, and pantothenic acid. Whew - that's quite a group!

The B vitamins are important in metabolic activity - this means that they help make energy and set it free when your body needs it. This group of vitamins is also involved in making red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout your body. Every part of your body needs oxygen to work properly, so these B vitamins have a big job.

Which foods are rich in vitamin B? - They are whole grains, such as wheat and oats, fish and seafood, poultry and meats, eggs, dairy products, like milk and yogurt, leafy green vegetables, beans and peas, citrus fruits, such as oranges.

VITAMIN C

This vitamin is important for keeping body tissues, such as gums and muscles in good shape. C is also key if you get a cut or wound because it helps you heal. This vitamin also helps your body resist infection. This means that even though you can't always avoid getting sick, vitamin C makes it a little harder for your body to become infected with an illness.

Which foods are rich in vitamin C? – They are citrus fruits, like oranges, cantaloupe, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage.

VITAMIN D

Vitamin D is the vitamin you need for strong bones! It's also great for forming strong teeth. Vitamin D even lends a hand to an important mineral - it helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. Which foods are rich in vitamin D? - Milk and other dairy products fortified with vitamin D, fish and egg yolks.

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VITAMIN E

Everybody needs E. This hard-working vitamin maintains a lot of your body's tissues, like the ones in your eyes, skin, and liver. It protects your lungs from becoming damaged by polluted air. And it is important for the formation of red blood cells. The following food is rich in vitamin E: whole grains, such as wheat and oats, wheat germ, leafy green vegetables, sardines, egg yolks, nuts.

VITAMIN K

Vitamin K is the clotmaster! Remember the last time you got a cut? Your blood did something special called clotting. This is when certain cells in your blood act like glue and stick together at the surface of the cut. Which foods are rich in vitamin K? They are leafy green vegetables, liver, pork, dairy products, like milk and yogurt.

DETERMINE MEANING. UNDERSTANDING DETAILS …

Task 2 Work out the meaning of the unknown words and phrases relating to the text topic. If necessary, use a dictionary to check the meaning.

Task 3 Use the unfamiliar words and phrases in the sentences of your own to show you comprehend them.

Task 4 Underline the topic sentences expressing the main idea of each paragraph.

DISCUSSION ….

Task 5 Choose one idea as your topic sentence to discuss with your partner.

Task 6 Discuss all the passages of the text with your classmates. Give your viewpoint.

Task 7 Talk about the beneficial effect of vitamins on our body.

GOING BEYOND THE TEXT. PRACTICE AUTHENTIC SITUATIONS…

Task 8 Develop a 10-12 line dialogue using the topic vocabulary.

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Task 9 Keep talking … Discuss what role the vitamins play and how they help one’s body:

-keep tissues and resist infection;

-see in colour and have healthy skin;

-make energy and set it free;

-make red blood cells;

-clot blood cells like glue;

-form strong bones and teeth;

-absorb the amount of calcium the body needs;

-protect lungs from becoming damaged by polluted air.

ASSIGNMENT:

Task 10 Use the above mentioned data to develop a project and present it in the next class period.

UNIT 2

HEALTH AND DIET

TEXT

WHAT’S A DIET? - DIETARY REQUIREMENTS

Good health is fundamental to leading a full and active life, and getting the right nutrition is an important step towards good health.

The word diet is often used to describe an eating plan intended to aid weight loss. However, diet really refers to the foods a person eats in the course of a day, or week. Healthy eating is about maintaining a balanced diet. The more balanced and nutritious the diet, the healthier the person can expect to be. A balanced diet means eating the right amount of foods from all food groups.

The benefits of a balanced diet are numerous. No single food contains everything the body needs so it is important to eat a wide variety. The right amount of vitamins and nutrients can increase life expectancy by keeping the heart and body healthy and preventing many long-term illnesses.

Body weight can also be kept to an acceptable level through healthy eating, leading to a fitter and more active lifestyle.

There are five main food groups, and each one contains nutrients that are essential for your body's growth, energy and body maintenance. Nutrients are vitamins and minerals that regulate your body's chemical processes and functions and help keep you fit and healthy.

The five main food groups are:

Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates include foods like bread, pasta, potatoes, cereals, low fat oven chips, rice, oats, noodles, maize and cornmeal. They provide energy and should make up about one third of your diet.

Fruit and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals which are essential nutrients that your body needs in order to work properly. As well as keeping your skin and hair healthy, they can reduce your risk of getting heart disease and some cancers.

Protein

Protein helps build and repair your body. Foods rich in protein also contain minerals, such as iron, zinc and magnesium, as well as important B vitamins. They should make up about one fifth of what you eat each day.

Dairy

Cheese, milk, yoghurt and calcium fortified soya alternatives are all examples of dairy foods (cream and butter are in the fats group, and eggs fall under protein). Dairy products are rich in calcium, which is important for strong bones and teeth. You should aim to get 700mg of calcium each day, which is roughly the same as a pint of milk, or two small yoghurts. Choose lower fat versions, such as semiskimmed milk, low fat yoghurt and reduced fat cheese. If you do not drink cow's milk or eat dairy products, you can get calcium from soya milk and yoghurts with added calcium, and from vegetables such as broccoli and cabbage.

Fat and sugar

Fats and sugars contain more energy than any other food group and should make up the smallest part of your diet. Foods such as butter, mayonnaise, chocolate, crisps, cakes, soft drinks, jam, sweets and ice cream, all usually contain high amounts fat.

Diet - Facts

Today, in the UK, there are approximately 24 million overweight or obese people and, if this trend continues, one in four people will be obese by 2010. This is largely due to unhealthy eating and lifestyle.

Over 200,000 people die prematurely in the UK every year as a result of coronary heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses related to poor diet and unhealthy lifestyle. Those who survive these conditions may be left with pain, long-term disability, and a restricted lifestyle.

In the UK, over 80% of men, and nearly 70% of women, eat too much salt. Many people only think of salt in terms of the white condiment that they sprinkle on food, and are unaware that they eat too much. As much as 75% of the salt that we eat is already in the food we buy.

By eating a healthier diet, you could help protect yourself from a third of all cancers, diabetes, osteoporosis (thinning bones), heart disease, strokes and tooth decay, as well as many other diet related conditions.

GIVING YOUR OPINION IN DISCUSSION …

PAIRWORK:

1.Do you have the right balance in your diet?

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2.Why do you think the unbalanced food can damage your health? Ground your argument.

3.When do people get fatter? (grow older, consume a lot of bread)

4.Protein is the basic building material of the body. Do you have enough protein in your food?

5.Do you think it is useful to take vitamin pills? Do they prove rather effective?

6.Do you count calories when you consume food? Why?

7.Is it necessary to reduce the amount of bread and potatoes you eat?

8.What are your main foods?

USE THE PROMPTS TO ANSWER …

-eggs, meat and dairy product

-to eat a fairly varied diet with plenty of fresh fruit, vegetables and cereals

-to go short of vitamins

-if you eat more than enough, the extra energy is stored in your body as body fat

-eat cereals, like wheat, pulses like beans and peas

GOING BEYONG THE TEXT … based on the situations given below make up 15-20 line dialogues and act them out in class with a partner:

-Debate the ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ of health food.

-You are trying to convince your friend to be on a diet. What would you tell him/her about diet and its advantages?

-Your neighbour is on a diet. Ask about his/her diet. What are his/her main foods? What forced him/her to be on a diet? To lose weight or to be healthy?

FOOD QUIZ

3. British people are now including more rice in their diet. This may be responsible for lower consumption of which other food?

a. pasta b. bread c. cauliflower d. potatoes

4. Which of these foods are British people eating less of?

5.Why is HP sauce so named? a. It is by HP-company

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b.It was invented by somebody whose initials were HP

c.It is used with haggis puddings.

d.It was first made by a chef of the Houses of Parliament.

6.Restaurants from how many countries can be found in London?

7.Which of these meals is a typical English Sunday lunch?

a.roast beef, roast potatoes, Yorkshire pudding, and gravy

b.fish and chips

c.roast turkey, roast potatoes, and Brussels sprout

d.fried bacon, fried sausage, a tomato, beans and a fried egg

8.When do British people eat chocolate eggs?

9. Bonfire night is on 5 November. What do the English cook on the fire?

11. Minced beef, onions, carrots, mushrooms, flour, beef stock, potatoes, butter, fresh milk, cheese, salt and pepper are the ingredients of:

12. Name the dish:

A kind of thick dark-coloured sausage made of animal blood and fat, and grain

14.Name the drinks:

a.Strong cider __________________________.

b.Dark beer traditionally served unchilled ______________.

c.A gassy non-alcoholic drink with a strong taste made with ginger _____.

15.What popular drinks are these?

a.a colourless strong alcoholic drink made from grain and certain berries –

b.a strong alcoholic drink made of malted grain –

c.a strong alcoholic drink made from wine –

16.Find and correct five mistakes in this text:

‘Yesterday, I went to the cinema with my best friend. During the film, we ate a can of chocolates and two tins of crisps. She drank a packet of apple juice and I drank a box of coke. We nearly bought a carton of toffees too, but I thought we might be ill.’

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19. Reorder the letters to make the names of fruits or vegetables:

a.liuerwlfaco ________________________.

b.cetleut ___________________________.

c.rscehier __________________________.

d.wetrocrsen _______________________.

UNIT 3

READING COMPREHENSION

HEALTH FOOD OR JUNK FOOD?

TEXT .

FOOD IS A QUESTION OF HEALTH AND DIET

Scan the text to observe what food people tend to eat nowadays to feel healthy. Be prepared for further discussion. Refer to a dictionary.

Why should I try to have a healthy diet?

Having a healthy diet is one of the most important things you can do to help your overall health. Along with physical activity, your diet is the key factor that affects your weight. Having a healthy weight for your height is important. Being overweight or obese increases your risk of heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, breathing problems, arthritis, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, and some cancers. The best way to give your body the balanced nutrition it needs is by eating a variety of nutrient-packed foods every day.

Focus on fruits. Eat a variety of fruits – whether fresh, frozen, canned or dried – rather than fruit juice for most of your fruit choices. For a 2,000 calorie diet, you will need 2 cups of fruit each day.

Get your calcium-rich foods. Get 3 cups of low-fat or fat-free milk – or an equivalent amount of low-fat yogurt and/or low-fat cheese – every day. For kids aged 2 to 8, it's 2 cups of milk. If you don't or can't consume milk, choose lactosefree milk products and/or calcium-fortified foods and beverages.

Make half your grains whole. Eat at least 3 ounces of whole-grain cereals, breads, crackers, rice, or pasta every day. One ounce is about 1 slice of bread, 1 cup of breakfast cereal, or 1/2 cup of cooked rice or pasta.

Chemicals in food

Health food is food that contains only natural ingredients, without artificial substances. But even health food isn’t always healthy. Modern farmers and food factories use over 3,000 chemicals. Some are ‘fertilizers’ – these help crops grow. Others are ‘pesticides’, which kill insects. A third group are ‘hormones’ - these make animals, like pigs, grow more quickly. Finally, there are ‘additives’ – a group

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of chemicals which food factories use. They make food look better, taste better, last longer. In 1955 each British person ate about 0.75 kilo of additives per year. Now it’s 3 kilos per year. So…are foods containing these chemicals bad for you? Well – if they’re just one small part of your diet – no. But if you eat too many of them (and not enough fresh, natural food) – then, of course, yes.

Meat

Another important food issue in the world’s richest countries is meat. More and more people (they are called ‘vegetarians’) think it’s wrong to kill and eat animals. In fact, today 5% of Europeans and Americans are vegetarians. But the Developed World still eats a lot more meat than the Developing World. People in America eat 110 kilos of meat per person per year. People in India eat 1.1 kilo per person per year.

The Truth about Junk Food

Junk food is usually a term used to describe foods that are not particularly good for our health and in fact they can be harmful to our health. Junk food is usually used to describe foods like sweets, crisps, corn snacks, but it could also be used to describe things like burgers and chips as well. Not many junk foods are nutritious, in fact some of them could really cause problems in terms of making our teeth decay and this would be the sugary snacks or sugary drinks. Things like burgers and chips, they do contain some nourishment but the important thing is that they are high in fat and it's important to keep them to a minimum and not to eat them too many times.

GIVING VIEWPOINT OR OPINION …

ASSIGNMENT:

Task 1 What do you think?

1.Does ‘health food’ and ‘healthy food’ mean the same?

2.What’s the importance of a healthy lifestyle?

3.A good diet is central to overall good health. But, which are the best foods to include in your meals, and which ones are best avoided?

4.‘You are what you eat.’ That’s what they say. But, what do students say? Is it harmful to eat fast food? Is it wrong to eat on the go and between meals? Hamburgers and pizzas are delicious, but are they bad for you?

5.Are you careful about your diet, or do you ignore any talk about diet?

6.What does the slogan ‘Give junk food the boot’ mean?

7.What’s your attitude to fast food? Is it negative or positive?

8.Should junk food be banned from school canteens and vending machines? Why?

Task 2 Develop a project on one of the following items and give your opinion why:

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a)I prefer health food, because it’s very healthy for our body. Health food can enhance our chances of avoiding certain diseases, and help us cope better with some conditions. What’s more, health food …

b)I prefer snack food. I find it rather convenient for me. As I lead an extremely busy life, I lack time to cook … it’s the best solution for me.

c)I quite like Italian cuisine, because it’s so fashionable now to go to Italian restaurants. It’s the sign of a well-off life. Besides, it’s really so tasty – all these pasta products.

d)I don’t like Mexican cuisine, as I find it rather spicy and heavy for our stomach. Besides, we can’t find special ingredients to cook it. And …

Practice and present it in the next class period.

UNIT 4

READING COMPREHENSION

FOOD – IS A QUESTION OF LIFE AND DEATH

TEXT.

MALNUTRITION IS TODAY’S BLACK DEATH

Scan the following text to obtain some more information on food as a question of survival. Prepare for further discussion in class. Refer to a dictionary, if necessary.

In poor countries it’s a question of life and death.

Millions die of hunger in the Developing World every year. Millions more become ill because they don’t have enough to eat. This is one of the modern world’s most serious problems. The question is… why does it happen?

Crops

There are two kinds of farmer in the Developing World. One kind grows ‘cash’ crops (for example, coffee or tobacco) to sell abroad. This is necessary because developing countries need foreign money to survive. But cash crops don’t feel local people. It’s the other kind of farmer who grows food for his own family and village. Farmers in this second group are usually poor. So is their land. Very often the soil on their farms is thin, weak and erodes easily. That’s why, if there isn’t enough rain one year, poor people always suffer first. They simply can’t grow enough to feed themselves. When this happens a famine begins. In the last twenty years there have been serious famines in both Ethiopia and Sudan.

Aid

How do the rich countries of the world help in crises like this? Well – in two ways. First, they send food, money, blankets and medicine. This kind of short-term aid is very important. It saves thousands of lives. But that’s not the complete

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answer to famines in the developing world. That’s because it doesn’t help people help themselves. Instead it makes them leave home and travel to towns and feeding centers. The question isn’t just ‘How can we stop this famine?’ It’s also ‘How can we stop the next one?’ And that’s where the second kind of aid comes in. Long-term aid projects help developing countries all the time – not just during a crisis. They make it easier for farmers to stop erosion, irrigate their land and grow more food.

The future

And all those things are crucial for the future. Why? Because by 2010 there will be 9 billion people on Earth. That’s 50% more than today’s world population. And most of them will live in the Developing World.

Malnutrition hits economic growth

Malnutrition is now costing poor countries as much as 3% of their annual economic output. The recent study into poor nutrition and food shortages described malnutrition as today's "Black Death" in relation to its economic and social impact. Malnutrition makes people more vulnerable to fatal diseases such as malaria and HIV/Aids. The study found that the situation was worse in South Asia than Africa. Rates of under-nutrition in children across India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Pakistan ranged between 38% and 51%, compared with 26% in sub-Saharan Africa.

Nearly half of India's children are undernourished, compared with a quarter of those in subSaharan Africa. This situation is unacceptable. Nearly 60% of children who die across the world each year from common diseases such as diarrhoea and malaria could have survived had they not been malnourished in the first place.

Nearly one-third of children under five in the developing world remain underweight or stunted. It is intimately linked with poor health and environmental factors, and yet policymakers, politicians and economists often fail to recognize these connections.

GIVING VIEWPOINT OR OPINION …

1.Who do you think is to blame for Africa’s permanent food crisis? Give your grounds?

2.Why is more than half the continent in need of urgent food assistance?

3.How can the problems be solved there?

ASSIGNMENT: Develop a project on one of the following topics:

a)You can’t deny that malnutrition makes people more vulnerable to fatal diseases such as malaria and HIV/Aids. Under-nourishment …

b)The consequences of malnourishment in children are devastating, …

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