2_kurs_english
.pdfYou should be more careful when crossing a road.
C.We can say ‘It’s time’ (for somebody) to do something:
It’s time to go to bed now.
It’s time to get up not to miss our classes.
D.We can also say:
It’s time I went to bed now. (it’s time for me to go to bed)
It’s time we finished our test. (it’s time for us to finish)
A. Countable nouns are nouns which we can count.
One tablet – two tablets |
one book - five books |
B.Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. They have only singular forms. They include: coffee, milk, salt, rice, bread, money, work, information, etc.
There’s water on the table.
Have you got any money with you?
There’s no coffee left.
C.We don’t use a/an with uncountable nouns. But we can often use a…of:
A cup of coffee |
a loaf of bread |
a bowl of rice |
a piece of advice |
a glass of milk |
a packet of crisps |
A.We use a/an with all countable nouns in the singular.
I often have a meal out at weekends.
I eat a banana everyday. It’s very easy to digest.
There’s a parking place near my house.
B.We use ‘some’ in the positive with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns.
There’s some coffee left in the cup.
There’re some people in the classroom.
I have got some money with me.
C.We use ‘any’ in the negative and questions with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns.
Have you got any money in the purse?
I can’t see any people in the room.
There isn’t any bread on the plate.
Have you got any hand luggage?
D.We use ‘some’ in the interrogative for requests or offers:
Would you like some more coffee? (offer)
Would you pass me some salt, please? (request)
Can I have some bread? (request)
141
Can you give me some water to drink? I feel thirsty. (request)
SOMEBODY, SOMEWHERE, SOMETHING
A. We use "some" words - somebody, someone, somewhere and something - in positive sentences.
He lives somewhere near here.
I feel very hungry. I want something to eat.
Somebody has left his pen on the desk.
ANYBODY, ANYWHERE, ANYTHING
B. We use "any" words - anybody, anyone, anywhere and anything - in negative sentences or questions.
Do you know anything about that boy?
She doesn't have anywhere to go.
Hello. Is anybody here?
A.We use to-infinitive after the following verbs:
Want, wish, decide, would like, hope, offer, agree, refuse, promise, fail, plan, forget etc.
I decided to arrange my birthday party in a local café.
We plan to go on holiday in May.
My sister wants to have a meal out tonight.
B.We use the –ing form after the following verbs:
Enjoy, deny, dislike, appreciate, give up, can’t help, mind, can’t stand etc.
I admit telling her.
I dislike speaking in public.
We enjoy dancing.
C.We use to-infinitive or -ing form after the following verbs:
Begin, continue, hate, like, love, prefer, start and others.
He began talking. He began to talk.
I like swimming. I like to swim.
D.Some verbs have different meaning when used with –ing form or to-infinitive.
He stopped smoking. He stopped to smoke.
I remember switching off the lights when I left on holiday.
Remember to switch off the lights when you go on holiday.
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A.We form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative.
|
COMPARATIVE |
SUPERLATIVE |
tall |
taller |
tallest |
cold |
colder |
coldest |
long |
longer |
longest |
big |
bigger |
biggest |
large |
larger |
largest |
B. With most two-and-more-syllable adjectives, we form the comparative with ‘more’ and the superlative with ‘most’.
|
COMPARATIVE |
SUPERLATIVE |
peaceful |
more peaceful |
most peaceful |
pleasant |
more pleasant |
most pleasant |
careful |
more careful |
most careful |
thoughtful |
more thoughtful |
most thoughtful |
C. IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS
There are some important exceptions to these rules.
|
|
COMPARATIVE |
SUPERLATIVE |
|
good |
better |
best |
|
bad |
worse |
worst |
|
many |
more |
most |
|
little |
less |
least |
EXAMPLES: |
|
|
The black dog is fatter than the white dog.
The black dog is friendlier than the white dog, but the brown dog is the fiercest.
The white dog is the thinnest and it is less dangerous than the brown dog.
Those books are very interesting and this one is the least interesting of them all.
Those books are not very interesting and this one is the most boring of them all.
His French is worse than mine.
This is the worst day of my life.
143
ОСНОВНІ ГРАМАТИЧНІ ВІДМІННОСТІ
1. Після таких дієслів як, наприклад, demand, insist, suggest, propose, recommend, command, order, request, ask, advise, у ВrЕ у підрядному реченні вживається should, а в AmE – умовний спосіб - конструкція без should.
(ВrЕ) |
I demanded that he should apologise. |
(AmE) |
I demanded that he apologize. |
(BrE) |
What do you suggest I should do? |
(AmE) |
What do you suggest I do? |
2. Деякі дієслова мають як правильні, так і неправильні форми.
Наприклад: |
|
|
dream |
→ |
dreamed або dreamt |
lean |
→ |
leaned або leant |
learn |
→ |
learned або learnt |
smell |
→ |
smelled або smelt |
spell |
→ |
spelled або spelt |
Дієслово get має форму Past Participle got у ВrЕ та gotten у AmE (за винятком to have got «мати»):
(BrE) Your English has got much better. (AmE) Your English has gotten much better.
Дієслово wake може бути правильним у AmE, а у ВrЕ вживається, як неправильне дієслово і має форми woke - woken:
(BrE) She woke me up very early. (AmE) She waked me up very early.
3. Заперечення з модальним дієсловом need у ВrЕ має або форму needn't (do), або don't need to (do); у AmE вживається лише форма don't need to (do).
(BrE) We needn't hurry. Або: We don't need to hurry. (AmE) We don't need to hurry.
144
Щоб показати відсутність необхідності виконати що-небудь, в AmE частіше вживаються заперечні форми don't have to та haven't got to.
(AmE) You don't have to tell George. Або: You haven't got to tell George.
(= You can if you like but it isn’t necessary).
4. Іменник hospital зі своїм основним значенням «місце, де лікують хворих», вживається в ВrЕ без артикля:
to be / stay in hospital,
to go /come / take/ send |
to/from hospital, |
to admit into hospital.
В AmE слово hospital з таким значенням вживається з означеним
артиклем.
(ВrЕ) |
Three people were injured and taken to hospital. |
(AmE) |
Three people were injured and taken to the hospital |
5. Іменники toothache, earache, stomachache, back ache, що означають біль у різних частинах тіла, можуть вживатися як обчислювані, так і необчислювані.
У ВrЕ вони вживаються як необчислювані іменники, тобто без неозначеного артикля в однині.
Наприклад:
(ВrЕ) I've got toothache. I’ve had toothache three times this week.
В AmE назви больових нападів вживаються як обчиcлювані іменники.
Напрклад:
(AmE) Toothache is horrible. I have a toothache.
Винятком з цього правила є слово headache, яке в обох варіантах вживається як обчислюваний іменник: (ВrЕ / AmE) I have a headache.
145
6. У наведеному списку подані деякі відмінності вживання прийменників та прислівникових часток, або їх відсутність у ВrЕ та АmЕ.
Наприклад:
ВrЕ
to meet smb to visit smb
to speak to / with smb to talk to / with smb to write to smb Monday to Friday
at the weekend at weekends different from / to
AmE
to meet with smb to visit with smb to speak with smb to talk with smb to write smb
Monday through Friday on the weekend
on weekends different from / than
ОСНОВНІ ЛЕКСИЧНІ ВІДМІННОСТІ
1. Вживання «Excuse me», «Pardon» та «Sorry».
1). У ВrЕ «Excuse me» має дещо інше значення, ніж «Sorry». «Excuse me», зазвичай вживається перед тим, як ми зробимо або скажемо що-небудь, що може роздратувати співрозмовника, або, коли ми збираємося когось потурбувати чи зупинити під час розмови. «Sorry» вживається після нашої дії, коли ми хочемо вибачитися.
(ВrЕ) - Excuse me, could I get past? ...Oh, sorry, did I get on your foot?
-Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the station?
Убільш офіційних ситуаціях під час вибачення можна вживати фразу
«I beg your pardon» у ВrЕ.
(ВrЕ) - I beg your pardon; I didn't realize this was your seat.
(АmЕ) - для вибачення вживається фраза «Excuse me» та «Pardon
me».
(АmЕ) - Excuse me / Pardon me, I hope you haven't been waiting long.
2). Якщо хтось не почув, або не зрозумів, що йому сказали, у ВrЕ він вживатиме «Sorry?», «What?» (розмовний стиль), або «I beg your pardon?» з підвищеною інтонацією. Американці, крім цих фраз, в подібних ситуаціях вживають «Pardon me?».
146
(ВrЕ/AmE) «It's the plumber at the door.» «Sorry». «I said it's the plumber.» «See you on Tuesday». «What? » “See you on “Tuesday.” «You're going deaf.» «I beg your pardon? »
(AmE) «It’s time to go. » «Pardon me. » «I say it's time to go. »
2.У ВrЕ під час знайомства зазвичай кажуть «How do you do!», а коли
єпотреба запитати про чиєсь здоров’я говорять «How are you?»
ВAmE в обох випадках вживається конструкція «How are you?»
3.У ВrЕ і AmE не співпадають назви поверхів:
|
BrE |
AmE |
1-й поверх |
ground |
first |
2-й поверх |
first |
second |
3-й поверх |
second |
third і т.п. |
4. Кажучи про поганий стан здоров’я, американці вживають прикметник sick:
Peter is sick.
У ВrЕ в такій ситуації використовується як sick, так і ill, але sick є означенням для іменника, a ill – іменна частина складного іменного присудка:
(ВrЕ)
5. Для погодження у ВrЕ використовується certainly, of course, а в
AmE – sure або surely.
(ВrЕ) Can I borrow your tennis racket?
Certainly / Of course.
(AmE) |
Could you help me for a moment? |
|
Sure / surely. |
6.У значенні «складати іспит» в обоих варіантах вживається to take an exam та to do an exam. Крім того, у ВrЕ зустрічається вислів to sit an exam.
7.Атестат про середню освіту у Великій Британії називається the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), а в США - a high school diploma.
147
Appendix 2
“England and America are two countries, divided by a common language”. – George Bernard Shaw
British and American English
|
American English |
|
|
British English |
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
|
account |
|
|
bill/account |
|
|
airplane |
|
|
aeroplane |
|
|
apartment |
|
|
flat |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C |
|
|
|
|
|
cab |
|
|
taxi |
|
|
call/phone |
|
|
ring up/phone |
|
|
candy |
|
|
sweets |
|
|
candy store |
|
|
sweet shop/ |
|
|
|
|
|
confectioner |
|
|
closet |
|
|
cupboard |
|
|
connect (telephone) |
|
|
put through |
|
|
cookie |
|
|
biscuit |
|
|
corn |
|
|
sweetcorn, maize |
|
|
crazy |
|
|
mad |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E |
|
|
|
|
|
elevator |
|
|
lift |
|
|
eraser |
|
|
rubber, eraser |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
garbage/trash |
|
|
rubbish |
|
|
gas |
|
|
petrol |
|
|
Grade |
|
|
class/form |
|
|
J |
|
|
|
|
|
jump rope |
|
|
skipping rope |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L |
|
|
|
|
|
lawyer/attorney |
|
|
solicitor |
|
|
lost and found |
|
|
lost property |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
American English |
British English |
B |
|
bathrobe |
dressing gown |
bill |
banknote |
billion=thousand |
billion=million |
million |
million |
broil |
grill |
busy |
engaged (phone) |
D |
|
desk clerk |
receptionist |
downtown |
centre (city/business) |
druggist |
chemist |
drugstore/pharmacy |
chemist’s (shop) |
F |
|
fall |
autumn |
first floor, second |
ground floor, first floor |
etc. |
etc. |
freeway/highway |
motorway |
french fries |
chips |
freshman |
1- st year |
(at university) |
undergraduate |
front desk (hotel) |
reception |
I |
|
intersection |
crossroads |
|
|
M |
|
post |
|
make a reservation |
book |
motorcycle |
motorbike |
movie |
film |
movie house/theatre |
cinema |
|
|
148
N |
|
|
O |
|
news stand |
newsagent |
|
office |
surgery |
|
|
|
(doctor’s/dentist’s) |
|
|
|
|
one-way (ticket) |
single (ticket) |
P |
|
|
R |
|
pants, trousers |
trousers |
|
railroad |
railway |
pantyhose/nylons |
tights |
|
rest room |
toilet/cloakroom/ |
parking lot |
car park |
|
|
public convenience |
pedestrian crossing |
zebra crossing |
|
|
|
(potato) chips |
crisps |
|
round trip (ticket) |
return (ticket) |
public school |
state school |
|
|
|
purse |
handbag |
|
|
|
Pocketbook |
purse |
|
|
|
S |
|
|
T |
|
sack lunch |
packed lunch |
|
two weeks |
fortnight, two weeks |
sales clerk/sales girl |
shop assistant |
|
|
|
schedule |
timetable |
|
|
|
Scotch tape |
Sellotape |
|
|
|
shorts (underwear) |
pants |
|
|
|
stand in line |
queue |
|
|
|
store, shop |
shop |
|
|
|
subway |
Underground |
|
|
|
V |
|
|
W |
|
vacation |
holiday(s) |
|
with or without |
black or white |
vacuum cleaner |
hoover |
|
(milk/cream in |
(coffe) |
|
|
|
coffee) |
|
Y |
|
|
Z |
|
yard |
garden |
|
zero |
nought |
|
|
|
zip code |
Postcode |
American English |
British English |
Spelling |
|
analyze |
analyse |
center |
centre |
check |
cheque |
color |
colour |
defense |
defence |
honor |
honour |
labor |
labour |
practice (n,v) |
practice (n) |
|
practise |
program |
programme |
trave(l)ler |
traveler |
Expressions with prepositions and particles |
American English |
British English |
different from/than |
different from/to |
live on X street |
live in X street |
on a team |
in a team |
149
Appendix 3
IRREGULAR VERBS
INFINITIVE |
PAST SIMPLE |
PAST PARTICIPLE |
|
Russian |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
be |
was / were |
been |
|
быть / бути |
|
beat |
beat |
beaten |
|
бить / бити |
|
become |
became |
become |
|
становиться / ставати |
|
begin |
began |
begun |
|
начинать / починати |
|
bend |
bent |
bent |
|
гнуть / гнути |
|
bet |
bet |
bet |
|
держать пари / тримати |
|
|
|
|
|
парі |
|
bite |
bit |
bitten |
|
кусать / кусати |
|
blow |
blew |
blown |
|
дуть / дмухати |
|
break |
broke |
broken |
|
ломать / ломати |
|
bring |
brought |
brought |
|
приносить / приносити |
|
build |
built |
built |
|
строить / будувати |
|
burst |
burst |
burst |
|
разрывать / розривати |
|
buy |
bought |
bought |
|
покупать / купувати |
|
catch |
caught |
caught |
|
ловить / ловити |
|
choose |
chose |
chosen |
|
выбирать / вибирати |
|
come |
came |
come |
|
приходить / приходити |
|
cost |
cost |
cost |
|
стоить / коштувати |
|
cut |
cut |
cut |
|
резать / різати |
|
deal |
dealt |
dealt |
|
иметь отношение / мати |
|
|
|
|
|
відношення |
|
dig |
dug |
dug |
|
копать / копати |
|
do |
did |
done |
|
делать / робити, |
|
|
|
|
|
виконувати |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
draw |
drew |
drawn |
|
рисовать; тянуть / |
|
|
|
|
|
малювати; тягнути |
|
drink |
drank |
drunk |
|
пить / пити |
|
drive |
drove |
driven |
|
водить машину / керувати |
|
|
|
|
|
автомобілем |
|
eat |
ate |
eaten |
|
есть / їсти |
|
fall |
fell |
fallen |
|
падать / падати |
|
feed |
fed |
fed |
|
кормить / годувати |
|
feel |
felt |
felt |
|
чувствовать / відчувати |
|
fight |
fought |
fought |
|
бороться / боротися |
|
find |
found |
found |
|
находить / знаходити |
|
flee |
fled |
fled |
|
бежать (из страны) / |
|
|
|
|
|
тікати (з країни) |
|
fly |
flew |
flown |
|
летать / літати |
|
forbid |
forbade |
forbidden |
|
запрещать / забороняти |
|
forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
|
забывать / забувати |
|
forgive |
forgave |
forgiven |
|
прощать / вибачати |
|
freeze |
froze |
frozen |
|
замерзать / замерзати |
|
get |
got |
got |
|
получать; добираться / |
|
|
|
|
|
отримувати;діставатися |
|
give |
gave |
given |
|
давать / давати |
|
go |
went |
gone |
|
идти / йти, ходити |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
150