U n I t 1 1

Text: Automobile Industries of the World.

Grammar: Conditional Sentences

Vocabulary

to surpass	– превосходить, перегонять
derivative	– производный
innovative	– рационализаторский, передовой
heritage	– наследие
conglomerate	– конгломерат, многопрофильная корпорация
counterpart	– коллега
engineering	– технология
diminutive	– крохотный
corporate	– корпоративный
to regard	– считать
refined	– усовершенствованный, высококачественный
sophisticated	– сложный
transverse	– поперечная установка (двигателя)
trend	– тенденция
to search	– искать
to consolidate	– укреплять, объединять
prohibitively	– чрезмерно
grille	– решётка
opulence	– роскошь, богатство
hardware	– приборы
to be engaged	– заниматься
array	– множество
make	– марка (автомобиля)

Read and translate the text, and then do the following exercises.

Text

Automobile Industries of the World

Major auto industries exist in the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Britain, and Sweden.

United States. Although the automobile initially was developed in Europe, its production on a large scale quickly became centered in the United States, especially in and around Detroit. As early as 1904 the United States drew ahead of France, the world's first producer of automobiles in quantity. Since that tone U. S. auto production has surpassed that of any other country. Indeed, until 1958, U.S. annual output exceeded that of the rest of the world combined.

Japan. From small local factories producing cars that were largely derivative of foreign designs, the Japanese auto industry has become an innovative leader. Whereas many Japanese automakers trace their heritage to industrial conglomerates formed in the 1920's and 1930's, their phenomenal growth came in the 1960's. Japanese auto production, which in 1955 was barely 70,000 units, broke the million mark in 1970 and increased more than fivefold from this level by the end of that decade. Like their U.S. counterpart Japanese automakers offer a bewildering array of car types and models designed to fill every possible marketing niche. The two largest automakers in Japan are Toyota and Nissan (maker of Datsun cars), each offering more than 100 distinct models and variants.

Germany. The birthplace of the automobile, Germany has continued to be a major manufacturer with annual production approximating 4 million by the 1980's. Largest of today's German automakers is Volkswagen (VW), which also has corporate ties with Audi and Porsche. German cars are known for the quality of their assembly and engineering.

France. The French auto industry is dominated by two giants, Peugeot and Renault, each with com­plex corporate ties with other vehicle manufacturers in France and elsewhere. Peugeot, founded in 1896 produces a full line ranging from diminutive transverse-engine, front-wheel-drive cars to luxurious sedans. In 1976, Peugeot took over complete control of Citroen, another French automaker it dating from 1919.

In contrast to the privately held Peugeot group, Renault is government owned, having been nationalized in 1945. The company, founded in 1898, is another of France's earliest producers of automobiles. Today, Renault manufactures a full line of cars. French cars are known for their elegant style and flair.

Italy. The Italian auto industry is dominated by Fiat, founded in Turin in 1899. Of the 1.7 million Italian cars produced in 1978, some 85% were Fiats. The company also has corporate ties with Lancia and Ferrari, both manufacturers of sports cars. Lancia, the larger of the two, produces about 50,000 cars annually. Ferrari, though small, is one of the world's most famous sports-car manufacturers. Ferrari's success 5 in racing is unparalleled, and the company's exotic sports and GT (Grand Turismo) cars are highly regarded for their refined power plants, sophisticated suspensions, and sleek styling. Alfa Romeo, Maserati, and Lamborghini are other Italian automakers with a tradition of producing highly refined sports cars.

Britain. The British auto industry is roughly the size of the Italian one, capable of producing some 1.7 million vehicles annually. British Leyland, whose shares are held mostly by the British government, is the country's largest producer of automobiles. The company is a consolidation of Austin, British Daimler, Jaguar, Morris, Rover, Triumph, and several other British automakers. An important car in the company's history was the Austin Mini, introduced in 1960. The Mini's transverse engine and front wheel drive set a trend followed a decade later by many other automakers in searching for the most space efficient small-car layout. Ford of Britain, founded in 1911 to produce the Model T in that country, is the other major British automaker. The company is consolidated with Ford's German operation, forming Ford of Europe.

Another legendary British automaker is Rolls-Royce, founded in 1904 and known throughout its history for its elegant and often prohibitively expensive automobiles. The flying lady atop the Rolls-Royce classic radiator grille has become a symbol of automotive prestige and opulence around the world.

Sweden. The Swedish auto industry consists of two companies, Saab-Scania and Volvo. Though annual production figures are relatively low, with Saab producing about 80.000 vehicles and Volvo about 200,000, both companies have been innovative in several ways. Saab-Scania is a conglomerate, building cars, trucks, computers, aircraft, and space hardware. Together with Bosch, a German electrical and fuel injection systems manufacturer, Saab introduced the first three-way catalytic converter with oxygen sensor in 1977.

In the history of the automobile industry, more than 4,100 distinct makes of cars have been produced in some 37 countries around the world. More than 140 companies are engaged in auto manufacture.

Exercises 1. Match the begining of the sentence on the left with its ending on the right.

1 The automobile industry initially was developed ...	1 their elegant style and flair.
2 Japanese automakers offer a lot of cars and models...	2 producing 1.7 million vehicles annually.
3 German cars are known for ...	3 its elegant and expensive automobiles.
4 One of the world’s most famous sports-car manufacturers is ...	4 to fill every possible marketing niche.
5 French cars are known for ...	5 cars, trucks, computers, aircraft, and space hardware.
6 Ferrari’s cars are highly regarded for ...	6 in Europe.
7 The British auto industry is capable of ...	7 their sophisticated suspensions and sleek styling.
8 Rolls-Royce is known throughout its history for ...	8 some 37 countries around the world.
9 Saab-Scania is a conglomerate, building ...	9 Ferarri.
10 Nowadays different makes of cars are produced in ...	10 the quality of their assembly and engineering.

Exercises 2. Match the words and phrases with their Russian equivalents.

make	решётка радиатора
heritage	тенденция
transverse	объединять
surpass	коллега
corporate	кислородный датчик
array of car models	передовой
counterpart	производный
sophisticated	считать
regard	марка автомобиля
radiator grille	усовершенствованный автомобиль
engineering	сборка
search	каталитический нитрализатор
refined car	сложный
conglomerate	наследие
space hardware	роскошь
trend	поперечная установка двигателя
derivative	корпоративный
be engaged	технологи
consolidate	быть занятым
prohibitively	превосходить
innovative	космические приборы
assembly	искать
opulence	многопрофильная корпорация
oxygen sensor	чрезмерно
catalytic converter	множество автомобильных моделей

Exercises 3. Answer the following questions

1 What countries do major auto industries exist in?

2 What American city was the automobile production centered in?

3 What can you say about the development of the automobile industry in the USA?

4 What is the highest point in the history of the Japanese auto industry and why?

5 What are the largest automakes in Japan and what can they offer?

6 What are German cars known for?

7 What two giants is the French auto industry dominated by?

8 What vehicles do Peugeot and Renault produce?

9 What are French cars known for?

10 What is the largest Italian auto company?

11 What Italian manufacturer is engaged in producing sports cars?

12 Why are Italian sports cars considered the test ones?

13 What is the largest auto producer in Britain?

14 What is Rolls-Royce famous for?

15 What companies does the Swedish auto industry consist of?

16 What did Saab introduce?

17 How many world companies are engaged in automanufactureng?

Exercises 4. Определите тип условного придаточного предложения, переведите.

1 If we look around we can see that electricity is serving us in one way or another. 2 If I were free I should help you with pleasure. .3 If we had tested this material we should have used it in our work. 4 If ordinary gases are greatly compressed they become liquids. 5 If supercomputers had not been used for, thermodynamic calculations designers would have spent all their lives on computations. 6 If you think that a. computer never makes mistakes you are wrong. 7 If extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction were not so high a hypersonic craft would not require complicated cooling measures. 8 If we had been told about the lecture on reliability in spacecraft production, we should have come by all means. 9 Superconductivity can be obtained in some materials if the temperature is very low and close to absolute zero.

Exercises 5. Найдите придаточные условные предложения, выражающие нереальные действия; переведите.

1 If a scientific research is closely linked with practice the results are always good. 2 If you looked at the equipment of 1946 you would notice the difference with that available at present. 3 If there is a pressure change in the tires, a transmitter signals to adjust the pressure.4. If we were to make a journey in a plane to the nearest star we should have to travel for several thousand centuries. 5 Were traffic controlled by computers cars could travel with safety and speed. 6 Had submersibles been developed since Alexander the Great mankind would have used natural resources from the ocean floor and cultivated plants and fish there. 7 Had all submersibles had autonomous principle of operation they would have become much more useful. 8 If fire-arms had not been invented the secret of Damascous steel would not have been lost. 9 If we could make a non-stop flight around the sun in an airplane at a speed, about 300 km per hour it would require 565 days to encircle it at the equator. 10 If the satellite speed is less than necessary it will go down from the orbit arid enter the atmosphere.

Exercises 6. Выполните задание:

a) Измените следующие предложения согласно образцам

1 If I were free, I should help you. Were I free, I should help you. 2 If he had known about the lecture, he would have come. Had he known about the lecture he would have come.

1 If it were possible we should .begin this work at once. 2 If he had had all the necessary books he would have made his report in time. 3 If the books had been available in our library we could have done this work much earlier. 4 If there were no computers space flights would be impossible. 5 If drivers were more attentive while driving there would be less accidents on the road.

б) Переведите бессоюзные условные предложения.

1 Had he used new materials the device would have been more reliable. 2 Were electric motors used cars would not pollute the air would be practically noiseless and. very easy to control. 3 Had they applied the new method, the result would have been much better. 4 Were the design of cars improved the fuel consumption would be greatly reduced 5 Had a less explosive gas been used in dirigibles at the beginning of the century they would have been in operation since that time. 6 Were it possible to learn how birds find their way people would use the principle to develop a navigation system for aviation.

Exercises 7 Переведите предложение с союзами provided, if, unless.

1 If the weather is too bad for flying, passenger airplanes don’t leave airports. 2 The speed of a satellite would be less provided it move at a greater distance from the earth. 3 Isaac Newton stated that a body would continue moving unless some force was applied to stop it. 4 Space flights would be impossible unless special materials for space vehicles were produced. 5 We should have no radio, telephone, television or computers unless there were electricity. 6 The earth temperature would increase indefinitely unless heat were radiated. 7 Unless the temperature rises the speed of the molecules will not increase. 8 It would have been impossible to send satellites into orbit unless Newton's laws of motion had been studied. 9 With heat generated by friction of the air on aircraft surface, the temperature inside the cabin would increase to almost 1,000 °C unless it were cooled by mechanical means. 10 If underwater tourism continued to develop at the present rate, the number of passengers could grow.

Exercises 8. Выберите правильный вариант.

1It be useful for you if you this task a second time.

a)would, did c)would, had done

b) will, will do d) would, would do

2You never say he was boring if you to him more.

a) will, will talk c)would, talked

b) would, would talk d) would, will talk

3 If this novel more interesting, it published.

a) will be, would be c)would be, would be

b)were, will be d)were, would be

4 If my friend not away, he me round the city.

a) won’t be, could show c)is, could have shown

b) were, could show d)will be, could show

5 If the weather fine tomorrow, I to the beach.

a) were, would go c)will be, would go

b) would be, would go d)were, will go

6 If she more working experience, she wouldn’t have been fired.

a) would have b)had had

c)had d)has

7 If I had known that I put off the trip.

a) would c)will

b)would have d)had

8 If I you, I would never give up.

a) were c)am

b) were d)have been

9 If my grandmother a chance to study, she’d have achieved a lot.

a) has c)had had

b) had d)would have

10 If he’d come two minutes later, we the plane.

a) had missed c)will miss

b) would miss d)would have missed

11 If I had had more money on me yesterday I that lovely dress.

a) could buy c)will buy

b) could have bought d) bought

12 If I she was in trouble I could have tried to help her.

a) know c)had known

b) knew d)will know

13 If you had studied harder last year, you all exams.

a) would have passed c)passed

b) would pass d) had passed

14 If Ivanov were more attentive, he better.

a) had done c)would do

b) will do d)did

15 He angry if you didn’t come to the party.

a) is c) will be

b) would be d)can be