There are lots of possible configurations with a hybrid vehicle. On a au fundamental level, a hybrid combines an energy storage system, an energy conversion system, and a vehicle propulsion system.

Besides a smaller, more efficient engine, today's hybrids use many other tricks to increase fuel efficiency. Some of those tricks will help any type of car get better mileage, and some only apply to a hybrid. To squeeze every last mile out of a gasoline, a hybrid car can:

• Recover energy and store it in the battery – Whenever you step on the brake pedal in your car, you are removing energy from the car. The faster a car is going, the more kinetic energy it has. The brakes of a car remove this energy and dissipate it in the form of heart. A hybrid car can capture some of this energy and store it in the battery to use later. It does this by using 'regenerative braking'. That is, instead of just using the brakes to stop the car, the electric motor that drives the hybrid can also slow the car. In this mode, the electric motor acts as a generator and charges the batteries while the car is slowing down.

• Sometimes shut off the engine – A hybrid car does not need to rely on the gasoline engine all of the time because it has an alternate power source-the electric motor and batteries. So the hybrid car can sometimes turn off the gasoline engine, for example when the vehicle is stopped at a red light.

• Use advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag – When you are driving on the freeway, most of the work your engine does goes into pushing the car through the air. This force is known as aerodynamic drag. This drag force can be reduced in a variety of ways. One sure way is to reduce the frontal area of the car. Think of how a big SUV has to push a much greater area through the air than a tiny sports.

Reducing disturbances around objects that stick out from the car or eliminating them altogether can also help to improve the aerodynamics. For example, covers over the wheel housings smooth the airflow and reduce drag. And sometimes, mirrors are replaced with small cameras.

• Use low-rolling resistance tires – The tires on most cars are optimized to give a smooth ride, minimize noise, and provide good traction in a variety of weather conditions. But they are rarely optimized for efficiency. In fact, the tires cause a surprising amount of drag while you are driving. Hybrid cars use special tires that are both stiffer and inflated to a higher pressure than conventional tires. The result is that they cause about half the drag of regular tires.

• Use lightweight materials – Reducing the overall weight of a car is one easy way to increase the mileage. A lighter vehicle uses less energy each time you accelerate or drive up a hill. Composite materials like carbon fiber or lightweight metals like aluminum and magnesium can be used to reduce weight.

A well designed hybrid can reduce smog pollution by 90 % or more compared with the cleanest conventional vehicles on the road today. Hybrids bum less gasoline per mile, so they release much less pollution and fewer greenhouse gases. A typical hybrid might travel 50-60 miles per gallon of gasoline in the city, while a typical SUV might travel 15-20 miles per gallon, or use three times as much gas for the same distance!

Exercises 1. Match the beginning of the sentence on the left with its ending on the right.

1 Computerization continues to be …	1 the gasoline engine all of the time?
2 A hybrid combines …	2 the more kinetic energy it has.
3 The father a car is going …	3 stiffer than conventional tires.
4 A hybrid has an alternate power source - …	4 to reduce the overall weight of a car.
5 Hybrids use advanced aerodynamics …	5 50-60 miles per gallon of gasoline in the city.
6 Hybrid cars use special tires that are …	6 a major part of auto design.
7 A hybrid car doesn’t need to relay on …	7 gasoline per mile.
8 An easy way to increase the mileage is …	8 an energy storage system, an energy conversion system and a vehicle propulsion system.
9 Hybrids burn less …	9 the electric motor and batteries.
10 A typical hybrid can travel …	10 to reduce drag.

Exercises 2. Match the words and phrases with their Russian equivalents.

mileage	силовая установка
squeeze	заряжать
propulsion system	аэродинамическое сопротивление
carbon fiber	устранять
store	выделять
disturbances recover	сила сцепления останавливать
mode	сопротивление качению
to capture	пробег
dissipate energy	выжимать
eliminate	накачивать шины
conventional	сглаживать
aerodynamic drag	углеродное волокно
release	жёсткий
stiff	давление
charge	снижать скорость
inflate tires	рассеивать энергию
pressure	сохранить
smooth	приём (решения)
regenerative braking	помехи
low-rolling resistance	рекуперативный тормоз
traction	обычный
slow down	режим
trick	собирать
shut off	добывать, восстанавливать

Exercises 3. Answer the following questions.

1 What are the future automobile industry trends?

2 What system does a hybrid combine?

3 How can hybrids recover energy?

4 How does the electric motor act in the mode of slowing down the car?

5 What alter ternate power soure has a hybrid?

6 What are the ways of reducing aerodynamic drag?

7 What tires do hybrids use?

8 How can the mileage be increased?

9 Why do hybrid cars help the environment?

Grammar exercise

Exercises 4. Найдите предложения, где it является формальным подлежащим, личным местоимением или входит в состав усилительной конструкции, переведите.

1 It is dark here. Please, turn on the light; 2 1t was Gagarin who was the first man to orbit the Earth. 3 Our students study strength of materials. It is a very difficult subject. 4 Mathematics is studied at all technological institutes because every engineer must know it well. 5 It is the most interesting article on this subject. 6 It has become evident that ecological problems can be solved only on the global level. 7 Joint efforts of people throughout the world make if possible to achieve some progress in environment protection. 8 It is the development of robots that will solve some very complex problems of industry. 9 It is evident that research is becoming more specialized now. 10 The use of the new equipment made it possible to minimize the number of workers. 11 It is industrialization that is making ecological .problems very serious. 12 It is known that the knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects. 13 It is important to understand the fundamentals of this science. 14 It was only yesterday that I ran into him in the street. 15 It was A.S. Popov who invented the radio. 16 It is a hybrid car that can recover energy and storeit in the battery. 17 It is necessary to develop public transportation. 18 General Motors and Ford Motors companies have opened the online auto marketplace, making it the largest internet business.

Exercises 5 . Определите значения one и that, переведите предложения.

1 The problem that has become the most important one is the problem of pollution. 2 One can easily understand why the profession of an engineer requires a special college training 3 The new technologies that are being developed mast be connected with traditional ones. 4 That air and water pollution by industrialization is reaching dangerous levels is realized by everyone. 5 It is the invention of an engine that started the first industrial revolution. 6 The main purpose of education is that graduates must be able to work with the technology of tomorrow. 7 The education in Oxford and Cambridge is different in many ways from that in other universities. 8 We discussed the first industrial revolution, the one that took place some centuries ago. 9 New robots will have several manipulators that will carry out many functions. 10 That computers and industrial robots are important for industrial uses is well known to scientists and engineers. 11 One must realize that the increasing number of cars brings about considerable pollution of the air. 12 It is the growth of industrialization that is changing the climate of the planet. 13 The essential feature of higher education in this country is that it combines theory with practice. 14 The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms. 15 That the Earth is round was unknown for a long time. 16 It is found that the labour (труд) of a man with secondary education is 108 per cent, more efficient than that of a man without that education. Moreover, the work of a university or college graduate is 300 per cent more efficient than that of a specialist with secondary education.

Exercises 6. Переведите предложения с составными союзами.

1 The traffic here isn’t so heavy as in the city centre. 2 Petrol is twice as expensive now as it was a few years ago. 3 Neither my friend nor I am fond of driving a car. 4 You can change trains either at this station or at the next one. 5 This model looks as elegant as the one we’ve just seen, but it isn’t so easy to operate, I’m afraid. 6 The bigger the cities are, the greater the pollution is. 7 The more computers and robots are used in industry, the quicker technological progress will be. 8 The more automobiles appear in the streets, the worse the air in the cities is. 9 The internal combustion engines can operate on oil and kerosene as well as benzene. 10 This engine radically differs both in construction and operation from that designed 5 years ago. 11 The numbers are either odd or even. 12 These problem seemed difficult neither to my friend, nor to me. 13 Is this model as reliable as the old one? 14 The more, effective is the technology, the quicker is the development of this country. 15 The quicker we joint our efforts in protecting the environment, the quicker the ecological problems are solved. 16 As soon as all the calculations are completed, we shall begin the tests. 17 As long as you refuse to apply new methods the output will remain unchanged. 18 Special containers were used in order that the supply of parts could be improved. 19 In order that the comfort of the driver may be improved the design of the seat was changed.

Exercises 7. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на составные предлоги

1 Ships can communicate ewer long distances due to the radio. 2 Because of the earth's rotation there are days and nights on the earth. 3 Thanks to the radio it is possible to transmit human voice across the globe. 4 Due to the latest, achievements in electronics it has become possible to develop supercomputers. 5 Solar and atomic batteries are used to supply power to transmitters in spacecrafts because of their long life. 6 Thanks to the development of radio telescopes radio astronomy has made great achievements. 7 Our century can be called ''Space Age" because of the development of a new branch of science and technology – cosmonautics. 8 By means of device we can carry out more operations in shorter time. 9 The engine didn’t operate well because of bad fuel. 10 Due to the establishment of new bus routes the passenger service in the city was improved. 11 Who can repair the apparatus instead of him? 12 Owing to his work not only was the problem solved but a wholly new approach evolved. 13 In addition to the usual methods of computation they made use of computers. 14 The new equipment was used in order to test the vibration of the engine. 15 Owing to the new system of regulations the number of accidents went down. 16 In addition to the trouble in the engine there appeared another in the transmission. 17 The bus stop is just in front of my house.

Exercises 8. Переведите согласно образцу:

There are many ways ... – Существует много способов ...

There has appeared a new kind of vehicle. – Появился новый вид аппарата.

There is no doubt. – Нет сомнения ...

1 There are unique, conditions, in space for producing materials with special qualities. 2 There exist different designs of submersible crafts in, several countries. 3 There remains one more lest to be carried out before using the device. 4 There has recently appeared a, new way of communication through satellite network. 5 There is no doubt that soon we shall see the appearance of anew kind of superliners and space, crafts. 6 We have read that there exists an international organization that makes it possible to keep telephone and telegraph communication via satellite with ships in any part of the World Ocean. 7 There is no doubt that mankind will be able to explore the solar system by using nuclear rockets. But there still remain a lot of problems, to be solved.