Commentaries

1 Christian Huygens – Христиан Гюйгенс (1629 – 1695), нидерландский физик, астроном.

2 Volta’s gun – вольтова дуга

3 Michael Faraday – Майкл Фарадэй (1791 – 1867), английский физик, основоположник учения об электромагнитном поле.

4 Lenoir – Ленуар, Этьен (1822 – 1900),французский изобретатель, создал практически пригодный двигатель внутреннего сгорания (1860).

Exercises

Exercises 1. Match the beginning of the sentence on the left with its ending on the right.

1 In France an engineer called Lebon	1 the first internal combustion engine.
2 In 1825 Michael Faraday discovered benzene in	2 in England using inflammable gas in cylinder.
3 A rudimentary vehicle utilised	3 by means of an electric.
4 A Swiss De Rivaz succeeded in	4 was an American, Peter Cooper.
5 A scholar, named Robert Street, experimented	5 dramatically interrupted by an explosion.
6 In 1678 Christian Huygens described	6 made the first experiments with the ignition of explosive mixtures by means of an electric spark.
7 In 1856 two Italians, Eugenio, Barsanti and Felice Matteucci, built the first	7 constructing a sort of rudimentary vehicle.
8 Ignition was	8 coal tar.
9 An enthusiastic experimenter in the early years of the 19th century	9 capable of being utilised with success in internal combustion engines.
10 Peter Cooper’s efforts to create an internal combustion engine were	10 the energy of explosive gases.
11 This was the first liquid fuel	11 were water-cooled.
12 The cylinders	12 practical internal combustion engine.

Exercises 2. Match the words and phrases with their Russian equivalents:

a three-stroke cycle	– двигатель внутреннего сгорания
valve	– черный порох
benzene	– электрическая искра
exhaust	– зажигание
carburettor	– каменноугольная смола
internal combustion engine	– бензол
explosive	– легко воспламеняющийся газ
compression	– взрыв
qunpowder	– трехтактный цикл
inflammable gas	– сжатие
coal tar	– клапан
explosion	– горючие смеси
ignition	– карбюратор
an electric spark	– выхлоп

Exercises 3. Answer the following questions.

1 Who described the first internal combustion engine in history?

2 What did the first internal combustion engine consist of?

3 Who succeeded in constructing a sort of rudimentary vehicle which utilized the energy of explosive gases?

4 Where did Robert Street experiment using inflammable gas in cylinder?

5 Did an engineer called Lebon make the first experiments with the ignition of explosive mixtures by means of an electric spark in France or Italy?

6 Whose efforts to create an internal combustion engine were dramatically interrupted by an explosion?

7 What did Michael Faraday discover in 1825?

8 Where was the first liquid fuel utilised with success?

9 When was the first practical internal combustion engine built?

10 How did it work?

11 When and where did two Italians Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Mattencci builta second engine?

12 Two years later they formed a company, didn’t they?

13 Did they obtain the success in the first national exhibition in 1861?

14 Why was the success spoiled?

15 The Italians’ protests were disregarded outside Italy, weren’t they?