- •U n I t 1
- •Grammar Exercises
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Text 1a The Railway Track
- •Words and Expressions to be Remembered
- •Words and Expressions to be Reviewed
- •Exercises
- •Text 1b The First Railroads
- •Text 1c How a Railway Operates
- •U n I t 2
- •Grammar Exercises
- •Vocabulary notes
- •1. Read and translate the following international words:
- •Text 2a Railroad Rails
- •Text 2b Rails
- •Text 2c Lengthening Rails by Welding
- •U n I t 3
- •Grammar Exercises
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Text 3a The Length of Rail
- •Text 3b The beginning of railway construction in Russia
- •Text 3c Rail Joints
- •U n I t 4
- •Grammar Exercises
- •Способы выражения определения
- •Цепочка определений:
- •Vocabuiary notes
- •Text 4a Sleepers
- •Text 4b Steel Sleepers
- •Text 4c Concrete Sleepers
- •Notes to the text:
- •U n I t 5
- •Grammar Exercises
- •Vocabulaby notes
- •Text 5 a Ballast
- •Exercises
- •8 Look through paragraphs 3 and 4 of the text "Ballast" and get ready to speak about the materials used for ballast. Use the following words and word combinations:
- •9 Suppose you ere a teacher. You are delivering a lecture about "Ballast". One of the students asks you a question aboutthe depth of ballast. What can you say on that topic.
- •10 Read the dialogues, then try to reproduce them in pairs.
- •11 Render in English the main idea of the following text. Use the following words and word combinations.
- •12 Suggest a heading for the text given above.
- •13 Use the following topics for discussion:
- •Text 5в Asbestos Ballast
- •1 Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •2 Find in the text information about the advantages of asbestos ballast.
- •3 Give a short summary of text 5 b.
- •Перечень используемой литературы
- •Оглавление
Vocabulary notes
Read and translate the following sentences into Russian.
1 Bar – полоса /металла/; брусок.
Bails are long heavy bars of steel.
2 Brand – клеймо, фабричная марка; клеймить.
3 Roll – валок /прокатного стана/, вал; прокатывать /металл/.
The brand shows the date of rolling and the kind of steel.
After branding the rails are cooled.
4 Complete – полный, законченный; заканчивать, завершать.
After the rolling is completed the rails are branded. The complete course at the Institute lasts 5 years.
5 Distribute – распределять.
6 Load – груз, нагрузка; грузить.
7 Bed – полотно дороги.
8 Ballast bed – балластный слой.
It is necessary to distribute the wheel load over a wide area of the ballast bed.
9 Drill – сверлить, бурить.
10 Joint – стык, соединение.
The holes are drilled for the bolts of the rail joints.
11 Harden – закалять, делать твердым; укреплять.
In order to increase the strength of the rails, they are hardened.
12 Ingot – брусок металла; болванка, ушко.
A large ingot of steel la passed back and forth between steel rolls.
13 Proper – должный, надлежащий, подходящий.
14 Saw – пила; пилить, распиливать.
The rails are sawed to proper length.
15 Spike – забивать костылями.
16 Chair – рельсовая подкладка.
Ho chairs are necessary and the foot of the rail may be spiked. Direct to the sleepers.
17 T-rail – Т-образный рельс.
18 Shape – форма, очертание; придавать или принимать форму.
The rails are called T-rails because of their shape.
19 Straighten – выпрямлять.
20 Square – выравнивать, обтесывать под прямым углом.
After branding the rails are cooled, straightened and their ends are squared.
21 Fasten – скреплять.
22 Fastening – скрепление
23 Suit – соответствовать, подходить.
24 Transmit – передавать, сообщать.
She rail should be strong enough to transmit the wheel load to a number of sleepers.
25 Cross section – поперечное сечение.
The end or cross section of a rail looks something like the lеtter T.
26 Mainline – главный путь, магистраль,
mainline track – магистраль.
27 Traffic – транспорт, движение, перевозки.
The largest and heaviest rails are found in the mainline tracks of the railroads which carry the largest volume of freight and passenger traffic.
28 The head of the rail – головка рельса.
The heavy top part of the rail la called the head.
29 The base (the foot) of the rail – подошва рельса.
The flat part, which rests on crossties, is the base (the foot).
30 The web of the rail – шейка рельса.
The thin part between the base and the head la called the web.
31 Double-headed rail – двухголовый рельс.
32 Bull-headed rail – двухголовый рельс с более сильной рабочей
головкой.
33 Flat-footed rail – широкоподошвенный рельс.
There are three types of rails: bull-headed rails, double-headed rails and flat-footed rails.
1. Read and translate the following international words:
ballast, deformation, bolt, combination, method, component, section, passenger, standard, type.
2. Words to be remembered: bar n., brand n., т., complete a., v., distribute v., drill v., harden v., ingot n., proper a., roll n., v., saw v., shape n., v., square v., spike v., straighten v., suit v., transmit v.
3. Terminology: chair n., joint n., mainline n., traffic c., cross section, double-headed rail, bull-headed rail, flat-footed rail, the head of the rail, the web of the rail, the base (the foot) of the rail, T-rail.