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Unit II

I. Reading

Задание 1. Внимательно прочитайте текст о выборочном чтении.

SELECTIVE READING

Selective Reading for Study

1. Preview: By now the preview should be an integral part of your reading pattern. In selective reading, the preview helps you to identify areas for later paragraph analysis. The preview steps are:

a. Read the title.

b. Study any pictures, charts, maps, graphs, etc.

c. Read the first paragraph. Look for the author's introduction - see what his purpose in writing is, what he intends to cover. Notice if his purpose is to persuade you or to change your thinking on a subject. If this is his purpose, be sure that his arguments are valid and that his reasoning is true. See if he tells you why he thinks this subject is important for you to know.

Look especially for introductory clues, either direct or implied - see if a list or enumeration is going to follow. Underline or circle the introductory clue and make a note for yourself in the margin: "8 effects," "4 reasons," "6 kinds," etc. This will help you when you're reading and also when you're reviewing.

Discover whatever you can about this subject or the author's presentation of it that will help you to read it more efficiently.

d. Read the last paragraph. Look for the author's summary or conclusion. If a conclusion is presented, write the word "conclusion" or an abbreviation of it in the margin. If the author restates his main idea or thesis, underline it and put a check in the margin for "main idea." Marginal notes like these are essential for proper studying. Making notes keeps you alert and shows that you are thinking. Also, notations are a great aid and timesaver when you are reviewing later.

e. Glance through the article or chapter. This step is actually skimming. You are looking for several things as you skim. Note, if you can, the author's use of paragraph functions. See if any definitive paragraphs have been used. If so, put a "D" in the margin. You'll have to spend time on this definition later when you are reading. You will probably notice, too, as you skim through, the author's use of illustrative paragraphs. Remember these are used to help you understand the ideas presented in informative and definitive paragraphs. Recognizing these paragraphs will alert you to look for the ideas presented in an earlier paragraph. If there is transitional paragraphs, usually brief, make a mental note so that when you read, you'll be expecting a change of thought or a new aspect of the subject.

Be sure, too, to look for italics, bold print, headlines - anything which might indicate major divisions or ideas.

If you have previewed properly, you should have a fair idea where the important information is located. This will speed the steps to follow.

2. Relate: This step is the same as it is in the PR4 Study Formula, and it serves the same purpose - to bring to mind what you already know about the subject. Relating ideas helps you to read faster and to understand better.

3. Employ Paragraph Functions: Now that you have previewed and related, you are ready to begin paragraph analysis. The first part of this analysis is the identification and use of the various paragraph functions. Authors use paragraphs for different purposes – to do different jobs. The functions we discussed were introductory, definitive, illustrative, informative, transitional, and concluding.

You have during your preview found and read the introductory and concluding paragraphs. Now let's look at the others - definitive, illustrative, and informative.

If a definitive paragraph has been used (you should have found and labeled it during the preview), stop and read the definition carefully. Underline it. Look for illustrative paragraphs put there to help you understand the definition better. If you don't need the illustrations, skip them and go on to the author's next idea. If you choose to read the illustrations, read them rapidly keeping the point being illustrated in mind. It is this point you need to understand and remember, not the illustration.

Locate any informative paragraphs; these will be read using the techniques described in the next steps.

4. Use Clues: You will have noticed by now any author's clues used by the author. Normally, these are found in informative paragraphs. When you come across an introductory clue, label it as we discussed earlier: underline it and make a marginal note. These notes will be invaluable later when you review. After you have the introductory clue, find the others. If, for example, the introductory clue was labeled: "6 effects," find the six; the author will have used clues to help you. Write the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc. in the margin as you go. You'll discover, more than likely, that the paragraphs between the clues are mostly illustrative - the clue paragraphs contain the important facts. You can begin to see now how the various skills we have learned are used together to support each other.

5. Use Paragraph Patterns: The next step in selective reading is the identification of the various paragraph patterns as an aid to the rapid location of the main idea. In the previous steps, you have already determined those paragraphs which remain to be read. You are ready now to begin reading the author's main ideas.

You have already gleaned the necessary information from the first and last paragraphs during the preview. You have also accounted for and covered the definitions and their accompanying illustrations. What remains to be read should be the author's discussion and presentation of his main points and subordinate ideas.

Using your knowledge of paragraph patterns, locate and read the main ideas of the paragraphs which remain to be read.

It is not necessary, or wise even, to draw outlines around the paragraphs to show which pattern they are. The patterns and names for them are teaching devices - to help you learn about paragraphs and their main ideas. Once you are actually studying, use your knowledge of patterns to help you find the main ideas. Underline these main ideas as you go. When you come to a major point, write the abbreviation "Imp."(important) in the margin. You will know whether the rest of the paragraph contains a story or subordinate details. Knowing this, you can read accordingly. Subordinate details can be numbered or lettered right in the paragraph if they are essential elements of the main idea.

6. Review: You should have covered everything in the chapter or article by now. The important ideas have been found, read, and labeled as have the definitions.

In this step, we want you to go back through the article quickly. Everything you need to read again should be labeled or underlined or numbered and will be easy for you to find. You'll also discover any gaps in your information, anything you missed the first time through.

In addition to revealing any gaps, this step will help to consolidate and reinforce what you have learned.

Задание 2. Переведите письменно текст на родной язык.